The work covered in this dissertation addresses two areas revolving around superconducting nanowire detector development. The first is regarding array architectureused for a large-scale system. The second involves operating under conditions that allow for a linear response in a superconducting nanowire detector. This dissertation provides the relevant theory, design, and measurements to characterize these detectors. The array architecture studied here utilizes a superconducting nanowire single photon detector embedded in an LC resonant structure, allowing multiple pixels to couple to a single transmission line and identify each one by a tuned characteristic frequency. The pixels in the array are DC-biased, allowing them to respond to absorbed single photons and avoiding any dead time associated with RF biasing. Measured results from a 16-pixel array based on chip components are analyzed. The development here directs this architecture towards integrating a proven 16-pixel design onto a single substrate with the capacity to scale to a higher pixel count and integrate into a broad range of applications. This text outlines the theory behind the proposed linear operation regime and details the considerations needed to achieve a response. The basic principle relies on the time-dependent change in kinetic inductance due to an absorbed photon. Under the conditions discussed in the text, this would allow for fast photon number resolution. However, without reaching those conditions, the detector may still operate under a higher incident photon flux. Two device designs are formulated and simulated, weighing the benefits and drawbacks of each approach. One of the device designs uses an impedance-matching taper to minimize reflections between the nanowire and 50 Ohm amplifier. The other design utilizes N parallel nanowires spanning the length of a gap along a 50 Ohm transmission line path. The tapered device is realized to a proof-of-principle stage and measured under conditions that set a limit on the device’s linear response to optical power. The performance of this detector points to areas of improvement that are addressed or circumvented in the parallel bridge design. Potential for future development is discussed for the frequency multiplexed superconducting nanowire single photon detector array and the linear mode detector.

Millimeter wave technologies have various applications in many science and engineering disciplines, from astronomy and chemistry to medicine and security. The superconducting circuit technology, in particular mm-wave, is one of the most appealing candidates due to their extremely low loss, near quantum-limited noise performance, and scalable fabrication. Two main immediate applications of these devices are in astronomical instrumentation and quantum computing and sensing. The kinetic inductance caused by the inertia of cooper pairs in thin-film superconductors dominates over the geometric inductance of the superconducting circuit. The nonlinear response of the kinetic inductance to an applied field or current provides a Kerr-like medium. This nonlinear platform can be used for mixing processes, parametric gain, and anharmonic resonance. In this thesis, I present the development of an mm-wave superconducting on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer (SOFTS) based on a nonlinear kinetic inductance of superconducting thin films. The circuit elements of the SOFTS device include a quadrature hybrid and current-controllable superconducting transmission lines in an inverted microstrip geometry. Another similar device explored here is a kinetic inductance traveling wave parametric amplifier (KI-TWPA) with wide instantaneous bandwidth, quantum noise limited performance, and high dynamic range as a candidate for the readout of cryogenic detectors and superconducting qubits. I report four-wave mixing gain measurements of ~ 30 dB from 0.2 - 5 GHz in KI-TWPAs made of capacitively shunted microstrip lines. I show that the gain can be tuned over the above-mentioned frequency range by changing the pump tone frequency. I also discuss the measured gain (~ 6 dB) of a prototype mm-wave KI-TWPA in the 75 - 100 GHz frequency range. Finally, I present, for the first time, the concept and simulation of a kinetic inductance qubit I named Kineticon. The qubit exploits the nonlinearity of the kinetic inductance of a very thin nanowire connecting two capacitive pads with a resonant frequency of ~ 96 GHz. the qubit is embedded in an mm-wave aluminum cavity. I show that mm-wave anharmonic microstrip resonators made of NbTiN have quality factors > 60,000. These measurements are promising for implementing high-quality factor resonators and qubits in the mm-wave regime.

Complex perovskite materials, including Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BZT), are commonly used to make resonators and filters in communication systems because of their low dielectric loss and high-quality factors (Q). Transition metal additives are introduced (i.e., Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+) to act as sintering agents and tune their temperature coefficient to zero or near-zero. However, losses in these commercial dielectric materials at cryogenic temperatures increase markedly due to spin-excitation resulting from the presence of paramagnetic defects. Applying a large magnetic field (e.g., 5 Tesla) quenches these losses and has allowed the study of other loss mechanisms present at low temperatures. Work was performed on Fe3+ doped LaAlO3. At high magnetic fields, the residual losses versus temperature plots exhibit Debye peaks at ~40 K, ~75 K, and ~215 K temperature and can be tentatively associated with defect reactions O_i^x+V_O^x→O_i^'+V_O^•, Fe_Al^x+V_Al^"→Fe_Al^'+V_Al^' and Al_i^x+Al_i^(••)→〖2Al〗_i^•, respectively. Peaks in the loss tangent versus temperature graph of Zn-deficient BZT indicate a higher concentration of defects and appear to result from conduction losses.Guided by the knowledge gained from this study, a systematic study to develop high-performance microwave materials for ultra-high performance at cryogenic temperatures was performed. To this end, the production and characterization of perovskite materials that were either undoped or contained non-paramagnetic additives were carried out. Synthesis of BZT ceramic with over 98% theoretical density was obtained using B2O3 or BaZrO3 additives. At 4 K, the highest Q x f product of 283,000 GHz was recorded for 5% BaZrO3 doped BZT. A portable, inexpensive open-air spectrometer was designed, built, and tested to make the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique more accessible for high-school and university lab instruction. In this design, the sample is placed near a dielectric resonator and does not need to be enclosed in a cavity, as is used in commercial EPR spectrometers. Permanent magnets used produce fields up to 1500 G, enabling EPR measurements up to 3 GHz.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) has facilitated great scientific advancements in many fields, like material science, engineering, medicine, biology, and health. EPR provided the ability to investigate samples on molecular level to detect chemical composition and identify harmful substances like free radicals. This thesis aims to explore current health and diagnostics EPR research and investigate the free radical content in related paramagnetic centers. Examining paramagnetic diagnostic markers of Cancer, Sicklecell disease, oxidative stress, and food oxidation. After exploring current literature on EPR, an experiment is designed and conducted to test seven different coffee samples (Turkish coffee, Espresso Coffee, European Coffee, Ground Arabic Coffee, American Coffee, Roasted Arabic Coffee, and Green Arabic Coffee), using Bruker ELEXSYS E580 spectrometer at x-band and under both room temperature (298 K) and low temperature (106 -113 K). Several microwave powers (1, mW, 0.25 mW, 0.16 mW, 0.06 mW, 0.04 mW) and different modulation frequency (10 G, 5 G, 3 G) are used. The results revealed average g-value was 2.009, highest linewidth was 16.312. Espresso coffee had the highest concentration of radicals, and green Arabic coffee beans had the lowest. Obtained spectra showed signals of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) radicals; believed to be result of natural oxidation process, as well as trace amounts of Fe3+ and other transition metals impurities, likely to be naturally found in coffee or resulting from the process of coffee production.

Precision measurements of kinematic correlation parameters of free neutron decayserve as a powerful probe of the Standard Model of particle physics. A wide array of Beyond the Standard Model physics theories can be probed by precision neutron physics. The Nab experiment will measure a, the electron-neutrino correlation coefficient, and b, the Fierz interference term. a is amongst the most sensitive decay parameters to λ = gA/gV , the ratio of the axial-vector and vector coupling constants in the weak force. Two important systematic considerations for the Nab experiment are average detector timing bias, which must be held to ≤ 0.3 ns, and energy calibration and linearity, which must be held to 1 part in 104 . Both systematics require an in depth understanding of charge collection in Nab’s Si detectors. Simulation of Si charge collection using numerical methods and the Shockley-Ramo Theorem has been completed. A variety of detector tests, including detector and amplification electronics acceptance testing have also been completed. Also included in this dissertation is my work with the Nab ultra-high vacuum and cryogenic system.

In this project, we created a code that was able to simulate the dynamics of a three site Hubbard model ring connected to an infinite dissipative bath and driven by an electric field. We utilized the master equation approach, which will one day be able to be implemented efficiently on a quantum computer. For now we used classical computing to model one of the simplest nontrivial driven dissipative systems. This will serve as a verification of the master equation method and a baseline to test against when we are able to implement it on a quantum computer. For this report, we will mainly focus on classifying the DC component of the current around our ring. We notice several expected characteristics of this DC current including an inverse square tail at large values of the electric field and a linear response region at small values of the electric field.

Seeking an upper limit of the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment (nEDM) is a test of charge-parity (CP) violation beyond the Standard Model. The present experimentally tested nEDM upper limit is 3x10^(26) e cm. An experiment to be performed at the Oak Ridge National Lab Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility seeks to reach the 3x10^(28) e cm limit. The experiment is designed to probe for a dependence of the neutron's Larmor precession frequency on an applied electric eld. The experiment will use polarized helium-3

(3He) as a comagnetometer, polarization analyzer, and detector.

Systematic influences on the nEDM measurement investigated in this thesis include (a) room temperature measurements on polarized 3He in a measurement cell made from the same materials as the nEDM experiment, (b) research and development of the Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID) which will be used in the nEDM experiment, (c) design contributions for an experiment with nearly all the same conditions as will be present in the nEDM experiment, and (d) scintillation studies in superfluid helium II generated from alpha particles which are fundamentally similar to the nEDM scintillation process. The result of this work are steps toward achievement of a new upper limit for the nEDM experiment at the SNS facility.

The challenge of radiation therapy is to maximize the dose to the tumor while simultaneously minimizing the dose elsewhere. Proton therapy is well suited to this challenge due to the way protons slow down in matter. As the proton slows down, the rate of energy loss per unit path length continuously increases leading to a sharp dose near the end of range. Unlike conventional radiation therapy, protons stop inside the patient, sparing tissue beyond the tumor. Proton therapy should be superior to existing modalities, however, because protons stop inside the patient, there is uncertainty in the range. “Range uncertainty” causes doctors to take a conservative approach in treatment planning, counteracting the advantages offered by proton therapy. Range uncertainty prevents proton therapy from reaching its full potential.

A new method of delivering protons, pencil-beam scanning (PBS), has become the new standard for treatment over the past few years. PBS utilizes magnets to raster scan a thin proton beam across the tumor at discrete locations and using many discrete pulses of typically 10 ms duration each. The depth is controlled by changing the beam energy. The discretization in time of the proton delivery allows for new methods of dose verification, however few devices have been developed which can meet the bandwidth demands of PBS.

In this work, two devices have been developed to perform dose verification and monitoring with an emphasis placed on fast response times. Measurements were performed at the Mayo Clinic. One detector addresses range uncertainty by measuring prompt gamma-rays emitted during treatment. The range detector presented in this work is able to measure the proton range in-vivo to within 1.1 mm at depths up to 11 cm in less than 500 ms and up to 7.5 cm in less than 200 ms. A beam fluence detector presented in this work is able to measure the position and shape of each beam spot. It is hoped that this work may lead to a further maturation of detection techniques in proton therapy, helping the treatment to reach its full potential to improve the outcomes in patients.