![128200-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/128200-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=a.9TGFcwBs5aXXMva3u_rTi9JBHXO5Cf&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T210820Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=eff152269c08c64bf739add2a0e3bad424cc8a48889084632813f00b6efabd1f&itok=ImsjZdVT)
The structure and dynamics of ecosystems can affect the information available to resource users on the state of the common resource and the actions of other resource users. We present results from laboratory experiments that showed that the availability of information about the actions of other participants affected the level of cooperation. Since most participants in commons dilemmas can be classified as conditional cooperators, not having full information about the actions of others may affect their decisions. When participants had more information about others, there was a more rapid reduction of the resource in the first round of the experiment. When communication was allowed, limiting the information available made it harder to develop effective institutional arrangements. When communication was not allowed, there was a more rapid decline of performance in groups where information was limited. In sum, the results suggest that making information available to others can have an important impact on the conditional cooperation and the effectiveness of communication.
![128211-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/128211-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=JabSez5qbrAg2f2dAyvLj0bpDgooR6gX&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T023458Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=903e0485a10bc67e7b18074ef8110da0d6b58b7df4ba242d691b65e02ef53cd0&itok=GkbLrRBt)
We described the rapid production of the domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) protein in plants as a vaccine candidate for West Nile Virus (WNV). Using various combinations of vector modules of a deconstructed viral vector expression system, DIII was produced in three subcellular compartments in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression. DIII expressed at much higher levels when targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) than that targeted to the chloroplast or the cytosol, with accumulation level up to 73 μg DIII per gram of leaf fresh weight within 4 days after infiltration. Plant ER-derived DIII was soluble and readily purified to > 95% homogeneity without the time-consuming process of denaturing and refolding. Further analysis revealed that plant-produced DIII was processed properly and demonstrated specific binding to an anti-DIII monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conformational epitope. Furthermore, subcutaneous immunization of mice with 5 and 25 μg of purified DIII elicited a potent systemic response. This study provided the proof of principle for rapidly producing immunogenic vaccine candidates against WNV in plants with low cost and scalability.
![128212-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/128212-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=gvMGJaauKboeRnvTThiGB9uGG2A1KuPE&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T114947Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=adb8636aec2adbfeae378a8ccc1d828b1d4804ebe52de57d3fd8b089b7415bd0&itok=H7Rh3hbk)
The increasing world demand for human biologics cannot be met by current production platforms based primarily on mammalian cell culture due to prohibitive cost and limited scalability [1]. Recent progress in plant expression vector development, downstream processing, and glycoengineering has established plants as a superior alternative to biologic production [2–4]. Plants not only offer the traditional advantages of proper eukaryotic protein modification, potential low cost, high scalability, and increased safety but also allow the production of biologics at unprecedented speed to control potential pandemics or with specific glycoforms for better efficacy or safety (biobetters) [5, 6]. The approval of the first plant-made biologic (PMB) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating Gaucher’s disease heralds a new era for PMBs and sparks new innovations in this field [7, 8].
![135589-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-07/135589-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=ERt7hjbI6lu2HKY6BGCPjBYkj80tm8u_&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T030123Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=65b1436f5eae00bda41102714cd62c32def6dffb0237e90bfd7a27eff72a60d8&itok=cZdyRX0H)
![135520-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/135520-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=VCQwcZ9kaurdKdqugRw1uGmqhPoCbqZU&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T215301Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=823a45b9a532aea230df71a6774d69790022a9b34f6b559b3d263198e4ab3db1&itok=WhSARfcx)
![135540-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/135540-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=hmCOfpkZHhW8GkJOOzU1PioCFwu5poSO&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T020405Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=9713adf0c6f4c6490564d229bb303291ab59d8e002413be6e1db3ea8bd402f5e&itok=ut5Dfi1f)
![136040-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136040-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=B88P0WIrkhUpsZn.Xj1mqWq_ILHUDtF7&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T095452Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=36915ace012d9405e08790f7dc15d6df168bb039e4c6121456c29b093c230ce8&itok=ayaNmUxL)
![131627-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-07/131627-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=JHGy0Iw089bcPuFyYxrcjSWsx1JoyODM&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T181816Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=fcced35c300d214b4826c63f58b3c332a71ba618cb6afca5483ac728cc35774e&itok=ZvSJYXi6)
![133440-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/133440-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=Qyx8Uoze1DFRXwsMWURsOQ_K2b7iTBuq&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T030123Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=b39a2293f362907ebce77eea9540e25cf0812ed1c07e9fafc74d7cbf5eb0a3b9&itok=jM4Khk3K)