Axis Deer Impacts in Maui County: Strategies for Mitigation and Long-Term Management

The Maui County Department of Agriculture is working to control the overpopulation of axis deer in Maui County. This study was conducted to identify probable axis deer population levels in Maui County, assess laws and regulations, quantify monetary damage caused by the deer, and identify economically viable solutions. This study utilized personal stakeholder interviews to assess the impacts of axis deer on the five main topic areas of agriculture, environment, food security, public health, and culture. Although population estimates vary, the most current estimate from 2021 indicates 145,000 to 167,000 deer across Maui County (Auweloa, 2023). Regardless of the estimate used, the population of axis deer in Maui County is unsustainable, and economic and environmental damages likely far exceed current estimates. Accurate population data is crucial to assess the impacts and develop effective management strategies. Using a wholesale forage crop example that estimated crop losses valued at $50/deer (Caires & Stafford-Jones, 2023) and a low-end population estimate of 145,000 (Auweloa, 2023), economic losses in crop production across Maui County could reach over $7 million annually. These numbers could significantly increase when estimated using retail crop values. The regulations surrounding slaughter, hunting, controlling, and selling axis deer meat are complex and often contradictory. A more thorough analysis of these rules and regulations is essential. Considering more fluid policies regarding food security, climate change, and invasive species may create opportunities for innovation and reduce barriers to entry for hunters, social entrepreneurs, and other market actors.