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Readability formulas are used widely in education, and increasingly in business and government. Over 30 years of research on more than 200 readability formulas has demonstrated moderate to strong predictive correlations with reading comprehension. In this study, five well-known readability formulas correlated highly with each other when applied to selected

Readability formulas are used widely in education, and increasingly in business and government. Over 30 years of research on more than 200 readability formulas has demonstrated moderate to strong predictive correlations with reading comprehension. In this study, five well-known readability formulas correlated highly with each other when applied to selected recent historical articles (N = 22) from two music education research journals. The mean level of difficulty (readability) for all 22 articles was grade 14.04, near the beginning of the second year of college. Since research shows that most people read below their highest completed school grade and also prefer easier materials, this is probably an appropriate level of difficulty for the presumptive readers of these two journals (i.e., holders of undergraduate and graduate degrees). Professors, librarians, and others responsible for guiding students toward reading material at appropriate levels of readability could benefit from these results.

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Many countries are in the process of modernizing, which means, among other things, that their population growth is slowing while education, health care, transportation, and communication are improving. The results of modernization are political, economic, social, and technological. Results of modernization and implications for music, education, and music education include:

1.

Many countries are in the process of modernizing, which means, among other things, that their population growth is slowing while education, health care, transportation, and communication are improving. The results of modernization are political, economic, social, and technological. Results of modernization and implications for music, education, and music education include:

1. Increasing political egalitarianism implies less censorship of music, education, and music     
    education.
2. Increasing wealth should lead to more access to music instruction and technology.
3. More formal education will provide more opportunities for music education for children and
    university students.
4. Smaller families could lead to more reliance on institutions for music instruction.
5. Increasing social problems, including weaker community ties, may lead to more reliance on
    institutions for music instruction and less interest in folk music.
6. Greater separation of church and state will result in less teaching of religious music.
7. Technological innovations will lead to more and different electronic teaching of music.
8. More multitasking will require the teaching of music technology.
9. Increasing multiculturalism will require ongoing examinations of which music to teach.
10. Advancing popular culture will result in more popular music being taught.

More egalitarian societies may also require more practice-oriented and less intellectual approaches to music. Professional practice in modernizing countries will tend more toward inclusion and less toward exclusion.

تخضع العديد من البلدان لعملية تحديث، وهذا يعني من زوايا أخرى، أن النمو السكاني ضعيف في حين أن التعليم والرعاية الصحية والنق والاتصالات في تقدم. نتائج التطوير منها سياسية،اقتصادية، اجتماعية، وتكنولوجية. تشمل نتائج التطوير والآثار المترتبة على الموسيقى، والتعليم، والتربية الموسيقية: (1) زيادة المساواة السياسية تؤدي إلى تخفيف الرقابة على الموسيقى، والتعليم، والتربية الموسيقية، (2) ارتفاع مستوى المعيشة يؤدي إلى خلق فرص الحصول على تعلم الموسيقى والتكنولوجيا (3) التعليم الرسمي سيوفر المزيد من الفرص لتدريس الموسيقى للأطفال وطلاب الجامعات، (4) إمكانية الاعتماد على معاهد تعليم الموسيقى من قبل الأسر الصغيرة (5) زيادة المشاكل الاجتماعية، بما في ذلك المجمعات الضعيفة، قد يؤدي إلى مزيد من الاعتماد على معاهد تعليم الموسيقى وقلة الاهتمام في تعلم الموسيقى الشعبية. (6) الفصل بين الكنيسة والدولة يؤدي إلى قلة تدريس الموسيقى الدينية. (7) الابتكارات التكنولوجية ستؤدي إلى زيادة تعلم الموسيقى الالكترونية. 8) تعدد المهام تتطلب المزيد من تدريس الموسيقى التكنولوجية. (9) زيادة التعددية الثقافية يتطلب الامتحانات الجارية منها لتعليم الموسيقى، و(10) تقدم الثقافة الشعبية سيؤدي إلى زيادة الطلب على دراستها. أكثر المجتمعات التي يوجد فيها مساواة تتطلب إلى مزيد من التدريب العملي للموسيقى على حساب النهج الفكري. الممارسة المهنية في البلدان المتطورة تميل أكثر نحو الشمولية وتستبعد الإقصاء.

ContributorsHumphreys, Jere Thomas (Author) / Halabi, Rawan (Translator)
Created2010