Matching Items (147)
Filtering by
- Resource Type: Text
Description
Introduction: A diet high in fermented, oligio-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyols
(FODMAP) has been shown to exacerbate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS). Previous literature has shown significant improvement in IBS symptoms after
adherence to a low FODMAP diet (LFD). However, dietary adherence to the LFD is
difficult with patients stating that information provided by healthcare providers
(HCPs) is generalized and nonspecific requiring them to search for supplementary
information to fit their needs. Notably, studies that have used a combination of
online and in-person methods for treatment have shown improved adherence to the
LFD. Objective: To determine whether a novel artificial intelligence (AI) dietary
mobile application will improve adherence to the LFD compared to a standard online
dietary intervention (CON) in populations with IBS or IBS-like symptoms over a 4-
week period. Methods: Participants were randomized into two groups: APP or CON.
The intervention group was provided access to an AI mobile application, a dietary
resource verified by registered dietitians which uses artificial intelligence to
individualize dietary guidance in real-time with the ability to scan menus and
barcodes and provide individuals with food scores based on their dietary preferences.
Primary measures included mobile app engagement, dietary adherence, and
manifestation of IBS-like symptoms. Baseline Results: A total of 58 participants
were randomized to groups. This is an ongoing study and this thesis details the
methodology and baseline characteristics of the participants at baseline and
intervention start. Validation of the application could improve the range of offerings
for lifestyle diseases treatable through dietary modification.
(FODMAP) has been shown to exacerbate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS). Previous literature has shown significant improvement in IBS symptoms after
adherence to a low FODMAP diet (LFD). However, dietary adherence to the LFD is
difficult with patients stating that information provided by healthcare providers
(HCPs) is generalized and nonspecific requiring them to search for supplementary
information to fit their needs. Notably, studies that have used a combination of
online and in-person methods for treatment have shown improved adherence to the
LFD. Objective: To determine whether a novel artificial intelligence (AI) dietary
mobile application will improve adherence to the LFD compared to a standard online
dietary intervention (CON) in populations with IBS or IBS-like symptoms over a 4-
week period. Methods: Participants were randomized into two groups: APP or CON.
The intervention group was provided access to an AI mobile application, a dietary
resource verified by registered dietitians which uses artificial intelligence to
individualize dietary guidance in real-time with the ability to scan menus and
barcodes and provide individuals with food scores based on their dietary preferences.
Primary measures included mobile app engagement, dietary adherence, and
manifestation of IBS-like symptoms. Baseline Results: A total of 58 participants
were randomized to groups. This is an ongoing study and this thesis details the
methodology and baseline characteristics of the participants at baseline and
intervention start. Validation of the application could improve the range of offerings
for lifestyle diseases treatable through dietary modification.
ContributorsRafferty, Aaron (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Hall, Richard (Committee member) / Fitton, Renee (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020
Description
The popularity of intermittent fasting has grown in recent years and is a commonly discussed diet topic on the internet and social media. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is one particular intermittent fasting regime that allows participants to pick windows of time per day in which they can eat or fast. While current randomized controlled trials show positive effects of TRF on weight loss, body composition, glucose, insulin, and blood pressure, there is a gap in the literature of the its effect on cognition although animal studies suggest a positive effect. The purpose of this 8-week randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of 18-hour time-restricted feeding on healthy, Arizona State university students. Students (n= 29) were recruited by the research team and were randomized to either an 18-hour intervention (INV) group or an 8-hour control (CON) group. INV participants were instructed to consume food within the first hour of waking and cease their eating period after 6 hours to begin their 18-hour fast. Participants were not given any other dietary restrictions and were allowed to eat ad libitum during their eating periods. Cognitive tests (Stroop Test and Trail Making Test) and blood draws were taken at baseline, week 4, and week 8. The present study demonstrated high attrition, with 7 participants dropping out of the study after their baseline visit. Interruption of the COVID-19 pandemic also impacted the data analysis, with the removal of week 8 data. Despite limitations, statistically significant differences between the INV group and CON group were seen in the Trail Making Test B at week 4 (p= 0.031). Statistically significant differences were not seen in any of the other cognitive outcomes measured (Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A, serum BDNF, serum ketones). However, a significant inverse relationship was seen between serum ketones and Trail Making Test B. In conclusion, this study suggests that TRF may have a favorable effect on cognitive acuity among university students.
ContributorsKravat, Natalie (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Gu, Haiwei (Committee member) / Sears, Dorothy (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Background: Research has found that nearly a quarter of the American population follows a gluten-free diet in some capacity, while only about 1% of the population is diagnosed with celiac disease. Although the amount of research-based evidence supporting any health benefits of a gluten-free diet in an individual without a gluten- related disorder is limited, the number of people claiming to follow a gluten-free diet continues to rise. Also, despite an increasing belief that gluten is harmful for health, the potentially undesirable effects of gluten substitutions used in gluten-free foods are largely unknown. Due to the protein network encapsulating starch granules, gluten is thought to lengthen the amount of time needed during starch digestion, thereby reducing postprandial glycemia. Therefore, it is predicted that breads containing gluten will produce a lower glycemic response compared to gluten-free breads. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the glycemic response of gluten-free bread made with different types of flour compared to bread made with gluten-containing wheat flour. Methods: This study involved a 3-week, randomized, single blind crossover study in which 17 healthy individuals were asked to consume a different type of bread each week, 2 of which were gluten-free. Blood glucose was taken by finger prick at fasting as a baseline measurement, then for 2 hours after bread consumption in 30-minute increments. Results: Across the three groups, there was no significant difference in iAUC values after 120 minutes (p=0.192 ). The greatest mean was seen in the gluten-containing bread (145.3 ± 82.6), then the gluten-free bread made with rice flour (125.5 ± 62.8), and lastly the gluten-free bread made with potato and fava bean flour (112.4 ± 64.5). Conclusion: The inconsistent results of this study compared to previous, similar studies suggests that the postprandial glycemic response of gluten-free products can not be generalized as a whole, but instead is dependent on the type of product and the ingredients used to replace the gluten. Although the results did not show a significant difference, it does argue against the belief that gluten-free products are invariably better for health in the general, non-gluten sensitive population.
ContributorsWaznik, Lauren LaRue (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Mayol-Kreiser, Sandra (Committee member) / Dixon, Kathleen (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2019
Description
Background: Individuals in the general populations with a known gluten disorder is believed to be 6% and it is unclear why the gluten free diet (GFD) has risen sharply (28%) in recent years. However, science has revealed that gluten can cause colonic changes in those undiagnosed with a known gluten disorder. The ramifications of these changes are unknown. Three common ingredients found in gluten free products, such as pasta, are corn quinoa and rice. Evidence from the scientific literature has shown that corn and quinoa can produce more colonic hydrogen than refined wheat and rice, indicating that corn and quinoa have a reduced glycemic effect. Since rice and wheat have similar glycemic responses, corn and quinoa pastas would be expected to have a lower glycemic response than rice and wheat pasta
.
Aim The aim of his study was to examine the glycemic response to three different types of pasta: wheat, rice and corn. Breath hydrogen, assessment of mood states, blood glucose and insulin were collected after ingestion of these pastas to determine the glycemic effects of these foods.
Methods: A double blinded crossover study design was utilized on a group of healthy individuals, and the test meals of wheat, rice and combinations of rice/corn, and corn/quinoa pastas were consumed one week apart in random order. Collections of fasting venous blood samples for insulin analysis, capillary blood from a finger stick for glucose analysis, breath hydrogen samples and satiety scales were used for glycemic response and mood states were collected prior to the meal (baseline) and then again after ingestion of the test meals. Attempts were made to explore the glycemic response of these test meals in relation to mood states.
Results: The glucose response showed no significant difference at baseline (p = .683) among all groups and no significant differences were seen post treatment at 30 minutes (p = .875). However, after 60 minutes all of the glucose concentrations began to decline except for the rice pasta which peaked at 90 minutes and the wheat pasta gave the most sustained decrease. The AUC glucose values showed no significant difference at both 120 (p=0.196) and 240 (p=0.734) minutes but with wheat pasta producing the lowest mean value. The POMS scores showed no significant differences between groups over time (p=.239) but the wheat group produced the highest score (worsening moods states).
Conclusion: These results indicate that the formulation and processing of gluten free pastas may affect the rate and absorption and the subsequent glycemic response after the consumption of these foods. Whether or not wheat contains an ingredient that slows absorption and/or negatively affects mood remains undetermined warrants future research in this area.
.
Aim The aim of his study was to examine the glycemic response to three different types of pasta: wheat, rice and corn. Breath hydrogen, assessment of mood states, blood glucose and insulin were collected after ingestion of these pastas to determine the glycemic effects of these foods.
Methods: A double blinded crossover study design was utilized on a group of healthy individuals, and the test meals of wheat, rice and combinations of rice/corn, and corn/quinoa pastas were consumed one week apart in random order. Collections of fasting venous blood samples for insulin analysis, capillary blood from a finger stick for glucose analysis, breath hydrogen samples and satiety scales were used for glycemic response and mood states were collected prior to the meal (baseline) and then again after ingestion of the test meals. Attempts were made to explore the glycemic response of these test meals in relation to mood states.
Results: The glucose response showed no significant difference at baseline (p = .683) among all groups and no significant differences were seen post treatment at 30 minutes (p = .875). However, after 60 minutes all of the glucose concentrations began to decline except for the rice pasta which peaked at 90 minutes and the wheat pasta gave the most sustained decrease. The AUC glucose values showed no significant difference at both 120 (p=0.196) and 240 (p=0.734) minutes but with wheat pasta producing the lowest mean value. The POMS scores showed no significant differences between groups over time (p=.239) but the wheat group produced the highest score (worsening moods states).
Conclusion: These results indicate that the formulation and processing of gluten free pastas may affect the rate and absorption and the subsequent glycemic response after the consumption of these foods. Whether or not wheat contains an ingredient that slows absorption and/or negatively affects mood remains undetermined warrants future research in this area.
ContributorsSnyder, Darren (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam (Committee member) / Lespron, Christy (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2015
Description
There is a considerable amount of research stating that vegetarian diets have an alkalizing effect while the typical western diet is acid-forming. There is substantial evidence regarding the health benefits of an alkaline diet. Although vegetarian diets demonstrate the ability to foster these health benefits, many people are still not willing to adopt a completely vegetarian diet. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of following a vegan diet two or three days per week on acid-base balance in a healthy college student population aged 18-30. METHODS: In a one-week interventional design, 23 people were randomly assigned to follow a vegan diet 2 days per week (VEG2;n=7), 3 days per week(VEG3;n=8), or 7 days per week (VEG7;n=8). Urine pH and dietary PRAL were assessed in each group at baseline and after the one-week intervention. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in urinary pH between the three groups (p=0.12). The change in PRAL values after the dietary intervention was different between the 3 groups (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Adherence to a vegan diet 2 or 3 days per week did not show a significant change in urinary pH or PRAL.
ContributorsCosgrove, Kelly (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Sweazea, Karen (Committee member) / Mayol-Kreiser, Sandra (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2015
Description
Osteosarcopenia is a newly formed term that combines the symptoms of osteoporosis and sarcopenia together because of their concurrent appearances in life. They are both age-related, debilitating conditions that affect older adults’ skeleton and musculoskeletal system. Osteoporosis specifically targets the cells of the bone and make them weak and porous. Sarcopenia attacks the skeletal muscles and deteriorates the muscle fibers, decreasing mass and strength. Both diseases put sedentary elders at high risk of sustaining fractures and proneness to fall. The manifestation of one condition typically leads to the other because of their obvious physical attachments as well as their direct chemical crosstalk. The onset of osteosarcopenia is subtle coinciding with age related processes that become greatly exacerbated and accelerated when coupled with chronic inactivity. Thus, a critical intervention for managing the disability associated with osteosarcopenia is physical activity. While some pharmacological treatments or supplements are known to have positive results in stemming further bone loss, regular participation in moderate-intensity exercises is considered the most effective treatment for attenuating further bone and muscle loss.
ContributorsLam, Ellen (Author) / Swan, Pamela (Thesis director) / Johnston, Carol (Committee member) / Department of Information Systems (Contributor) / College of Health Solutions (Contributor) / Watts College of Public Service & Community Solut (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2020-05
Description
Birds maintain resting plasma glucose concentrations (pGlu) nearly twice that of comparably sized mammals. Despite this, birds do not incur much of the oxidative tissue damage that might be expected from a high pGlu. Their ability to stave off oxidative damage allows birds to serve as a negative model of hyperglycemia-related complications, making them ideal for the development of new diabetes treatments with the potential for human application. Previous studies conducted by the Sweazea Lab at Arizona State University aimed to use diet as a means to raise blood glucose in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in order to better understand the mechanisms they utilize to stave off oxidative damage. These protocols used dietary interventions—a 60% high fat (HF) “chow” diet, and a high carbohydrate (HC) white bread diet—but were unsuccessful in inducing pathologies. Based on this research, we hypothesized that a model of an urban diet (high in fat, refined carbohydrates, and sodium) might impair vasodilation, as the effect of this diet on birds is currently unknown. We found that tibial vasodilation was significantly impaired in birds fed an urban diet compared to those fed a seed diet. Unexpectedly, vasodilation in the urban diet group was comparable to data of wild-caught birds from previous research, possibly indicating that the birds had already been eating a diet similar to this study’s urban diet before they were caught. This may constitute evidence that the seed diet improved vasodilation while the urban diet more closely mimicked the diet of the birds before the trial, suggesting that the model of the urban diet acted as the control diet in this context. This study is the first step in elucidating avian mechanisms for dealing with diabetogenic diets and has potential to aid in the development of treatments for humans with metabolic syndrome.
ContributorsRenner, Michael William (Author) / Sweazea, Karen (Thesis director) / Johnston, Carol (Committee member) / Basile, Anthony (Committee member) / Dean, W.P. Carey School of Business (Contributor) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2020-05
Description
Those that must follow a Celiac diet should know that there are challenges that come with it. Wheat contains a ton of essential vitamins and minerals such as folate, magnesium, thiamin and niacin among many others. By cutting these out, it is possible to become deficient in these essential nutrients that play roles all throughout the body. One of our goals in making this cookbook was to include recipes that would be packed with these dietary components. We wanted to not only make this cookbook tangible for newly-diagnosed Celiac people, but also ensure that they have the balanced diet they need to avoid deficiencies. While admittedly not every meal is going to be loaded with those good vitamins and minerals, we believe the phrase “everything in moderation” is a good way to approach this new diet.
ContributorsMoir, Carmen Juel (Co-author) / Horner, Hannah (Co-author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis director) / Grgich, Traci (Committee member) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2020-05
Description
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common form of chronic liver disease in the United States. Diets high in saturated fats are known to promote obesity and hepatic steatosis. The consumption of a high fat diet (HFD) can increase the risk factors associated with insulin resistance, which can lead to the onset of diabetes and obesity. A prior study of a soil-derived organometallic complex (OMC) showed that supplementation reduces glucose and body mass in diabetic mice. The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of a similar OMC compound on the mitigation of hepatic steatosis induced from a HFD. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=42) were divided into the following diet groups: standard rodent chow or 60% kcal from fat high fat diet (mainly lard) for 10-weeks. Rats were further divided into OMC treatment groups with OMC added to their drinking water: 0 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml or 3.0mg/ml OMC. At 10 weeks, study animals were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital (200 mg/kg, i.p.) and cardiac plasma as well as liver samples were collected and stored at -80° C until further analyses. Plasma ALT and AST as well as liver triglyceride and free glycerol concentrations were measured using commercially available kits. To assess cellular injury, aspartate transaminase (AST; released mainly from injured cardiac and liver cells) and alanine transaminase (ALT; released mainly from injured liver cells) were examined. Rats fed HFD had elevated plasma ALT activity, which was prevented by treatment with the high dose of OMC (p<0.05). No changes in plasma AST activity were detected. Examination of liver triglyceride and free glycerol concentrations showed increased fat accumulation in the liver of rats consuming HFD (Two-Way ANOVA, p<0.001). OMC did not prevent this increase. These findings suggest that, although OMC does not prevent the accumulation of lipids in the liver of rats fed HFD, it does mitigate liver injury resulting from excess dietary intake of saturated fats.
ContributorsWood, Courtney Ann (Author) / Sweazea, Karen (Thesis director) / Shaibi, Gabriel (Committee member) / Johnston, Carol (Committee member) / School of Art (Contributor) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2019-05
Description
Intermittent Fasting (IF) is defined as a cyclical eating pattern where an individual will fast for a specific increment of time, followed by caloric intake periods. Fasting is a crucial part of our ancestors’ adaptation to the stresses of famine in order to maintain mental acuity and physical abilities during food deprivation. IF influences physiological changes such as: triggers protective metabolic pathways, increases metabolic flexibility and resilience, promotes DNA repair and autophagy, increases microbiome diversity and restores the natural cyclical fluctuations of the gut, increases BDNF expression in mood regulating neuronal circuits, and enhances synaptic plasticity of the brain. Research on the underlying causes of mood disorders has linked impairments in neuroplasticity and cellular resilience to this pathophysiology, which fasting could mitigate. Depression and anxiety are reported as the top impediments to academic performance. Thus, an easily implemented treatment such as intermittent fasting may be an option for combating impaired mental health in college students. This research study tested time restricted feeding (TRF) and its impact on mood states. It was hypothesized that: if college students follow a time restricted feeding pattern, then they will be less moody due to TRF’s effects on the metabolism, brain, and gut. The study consisted of 11 college students: 5 following a four-week adherence to TRF (8am-4pm eating window) and 6 in the control group. The POMS questionnaire was used to measure mood states. The participants height, weight, BMI, body fat %, and POMS scores were tested at the beginning and end of the 4 week intervention. The results were as follows: weight p=0.112 (statistical trend), BMI p=0.058 (nearly significant), body fat % p=0.114 (statistical trend), POMS p=0.014 (statistically significant). The data suggests that following a TRF eating pattern can decrease moodiness and improve mood states.
ContributorsFoley, Sadie Jean (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis director) / Shepard, Christina (Committee member) / Department of Management and Entrepreneurship (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2019-05