Does school participatory budgeting (SPB) increase students’ political efficacy? SPB, which is implemented in thousands of schools around the world, is a democratic process of deliberation and decision-making in which students determine how to spend a portion of the school’s budget. We examined the impact of SPB on political efficacy in one middle school in Arizona. Our participants’ (n = 28) responses on survey items designed to measure self-perceived growth in political efficacy indicated a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.46), suggesting that SPB is an effective approach to civic pedagogy, with promising prospects for developing students’ political efficacy.

Phoebus 5: A Journal of Art History - Table of Contents

“Editor’s Note” by Anthony Gully, p. 5-6.

“Preface” by Lucinda H. Gedeon, p. 9-12.

“Hiram Power’s Bust of George Washington: The President as an Icon” by Vivien Green Fryd, p. 14-28.

“A Sky After El Greco, An Early Homage by Demuth” by Marie Timberlake, p. 29-44.

“Ben Shahn’s ‘Mine Building: A Symbol of Disaster’” by Carolyn Robbins, p. 45-60.

“Georgia O’Keeffe’s ‘Horse’s Skull on Blue’: A Dedicatory Essay” by Barbara Spies, p. 61-65.

“Eastman Johnson's Cranberry Pickers” by Joseph Lamb, p. 66-74. 

“Dull Knife’s Defiance” by Maria Leone, p. 75-79. 

“A Designer of Dreams: Arthur B. Davies’ ‘Dawn, Mother of Night’” by Anne Gully, p. 80-87.

“Death and Mystical Liberation in John B. Flannagan’s ‘Beginning’” by Timothy Norris, p. 88-92.

“Architecture that Speaks: Edward Hopper's Cottage, Cape Cod” by William Laubach, p. 93-95.

“Behind the Mask: Walt Kuhn’s ‘Young Clown’” by Richard Raymond, p. 96-101.

“George Elbert Burr: A Sometimes Master” by Thomas van der Meulen, p. 102-109.

“‘Parade’ in Review, an Interview with Philip C. Curtis” by Dawne Walczak, p. 110-124.

“Notes” p. 125-143.

Phoebus 3: A Journal of Art History - Table of Contents

“Preface” by Jack Breckenridge, p. 5.

“A Possible Interpretation of the Bird-man Figure Found on Objects Associated with the Southern Cult of the Southeastern United States, A.D. 1200 to 1350” by Lee Anne Wilson, p. 6-18.

“John Milton’s ‘Unholy Trinity’: (Satan, Sin, and Death)” by Anthony Gully, p. 19-36.

“Arizona Portfolio” p. 38-84.

          “Voyage of the Sesostris: Elihi Vedder in Egypt” by Hugh Broadley, p. 39-51.

          “Theodore Roszak’s ‘Emergence: Transition I’ at Arizona State University” by Joan
          Seeman Robinson, p. 52-53.

          “‘La peur donnant des ailes au courage by Jean Cocteau: a Drawing in the Phoenix Art
          Museum” by Anne Gully and Susan Benforado Gunther, p. 54-63.

          “John Mix Stanley, a ‘Hudson River’ Painter in Arizona” by James K. Ballinger, p. 64-72.

          “‘Corn Husking’ by Winslow Homer” by Gerald Eager, p. 73-79.

          “A Plate from the Meissen Swan Service in the Phoenix Art Museum” by Barbara
          Nachtigall, p. 80-84.

“Death in the Darkroom: Poisonings of Nineteenth Century Photographers” by Bill Jay, p. 85-98.

“Oral History in Art: A New Tool” by Winberta Yao, p. 99-108.

“A Note from a Reader” p. 109. 

“Contributors” p. 110-112

Phoebus 2: A Journal of Art History - Table of Contents

“Preface” by Jack Breckenridge, p. 3.

“Contributors” p. 4-5.

“Table of Contents” p. 6-7.

“The Problem of Antisolimenismo in Neapolitan Baroque Painting” by Donald Rabiner, p. 8-16.

“Mid-Fourteenth Century Painting in Suchou: Some Lesser Masters” by Claudia Brown, p. 17-30.

“A Re-Examination of the Cult of Demeter and the Meaning of the Eleusinian Mysteries” by Sherly Farness, p. 31-38. 

“Arizona Portfolio” p. 39-53. 

          “Wooden Cross” by Mildred Monteverde, p. 40-43.

          “Le Petit Tablier” by Rosalind Robinson, p. 44-47.

          “La Réunion des plus Célèbres Monuments Antiques de la France” by Vicki C. Wright, p.
          48-53. 

“An Unpublished Rowlandson Sketchbook” by Anthony Gully, p. 54-74.

“Are We Ready for Shih-T'ao?” by Ju-hsi Chou, p. 75-87. 

“A Conversation Between Adolph Gottlieb and Jack Breckenridge” transcribed by Jack Breckenridge, p. 88-96. 

“Three Recent Art Reference Books” by Winberta Yao, p. 97-102

Phoebus 1: A Journal of Art History - Table of Contents 

“Preface” by Ju-hsi Chou, p. 4-6. 

“Dedication” by Harry Wood, p. 7-8.

“Style and Symbolism in the Awatobi Kiva Mural Paintings” by Marvin Cohodas, p. 9-21.

“Mr. B and the Cherubim: A Critical Examination of William Blake's 'A Descriptive Catalogue' of 1809” by Anthony Gully, p. 23-46. 

“Arizona Portfolio” p. 47-64.

          “La Muse de Guillaume Apollinaire (The Muse of Guillaume Apollinaire)” by Anthony
          Gully, p. 48-51.

          “Wild Geese, Flowering Plants, and Tall Reeds” by Ju-hsi Chou, p. 52-55.

          “Ting” by Ju-hsi Chou, p. 56-59.

          “Homage to Watteau” by Robin Dowden, p. 60-64.

“A Note on a Letter from Roger Hilton to Terry Frost” by Jack Breckenridge, p. 65-74.

“Ming Idealism and Landscape Painting” by Ju-hsi Chou, p. 75-92.

“Classic Maya Elements in the Iconography of Rulership at El Tajin, Veracruz, Mexico” by Michael Kampen, p. 93-104. 

“Anne de Coursey Clapp, Wen Cheng-ming, ‘The Ming Artist and Antiquity’” by Anne de Coursey Clapp and Wen Cheng-ming, p. 105-108.

“‘7+5 Sculptors in the 1950s’: An Exhibition in the Phoenix Art Museum” 108-113.

“List of Contributors” by 114-116.

In the 1962 case Planned Parenthood Committee of Phoenix v. Maricopa County, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that Arizona Revised Statute 13-213, which banned the public advertising of contraceptive or abortion medication or services, was constitutional. However, the court also ruled that that Arizona Revised Statute 13-213 did not apply to Planned Parenthood's distribution of contraceptive information, allowing Planned Parenthood to continue distributing the information. Following the case, the Arizona law was challenged several times and eventually deemed unconstitutional in the 1973 case State v. New Times INC. The case Planned Parenthood Committee of Phoenix v. Maricopa County established that Planned Parenthood's distribution of medical literature was not advertising as described in the law, and it initiated a decade long discussion about the constitutionality of the laws preventing the distribution of materials related to contraception or abortion.

In the 1972 case Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson, Inc., v. Marks, the Arizona Court of Appeals required the Arizona Superior Court to rehear the case Planned Parenthood Association v. Nelson (1971) and issue a decision on the constitutionality of Arizona's abortion laws. In 1971, the Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson filed the case Planned Parenthood Association v. Nelson asking for the US District Court to rule on the constitutionality of the Arizona Revised Statutes 13-211, 13-212, and 13-213, which made it illegal for anyone to advertise, provide, or receive an abortion. The decision in Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson, Inc., v. Marks forced the Arizona Superior Court to issue a decision on the constitutionality of the Arizona abortion laws, and is one in a series of lawsuits that culminated in the legalization of abortion in Arizona in 1973.

In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the US Supreme Court ruled that laws banning abortion violated the US Constitution. The Texas abortion laws, articles 1191–1194, and 1196 of the Texas penal code, made abortion illegal and criminalized those who performed or facilitated the procedure. Prior to Roe v. Wade, most states heavily regulated or banned abortions. The US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade secured women's rights to terminate pregnancies for any reasons within the first trimester of pregnancy. It also sparked legal discussions of abortion, fetus viability and personhood, and the trimester framework, setting a landmark precedent for future cases including Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), and Stenberg v. Carhart (2000).

The Mother's Health Clinic opened in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1937 and provided women in central Arizona with contraception and family planning resources. A group of wealthy philanthropic Phoenix women founded the clinic under the guidance of birth control activist Margaret Sanger. The clinic was the second birth control clinic to open in Arizona and the first to serve the central and northern Arizona residents. In 1942, the clinic affiliated with the national organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America and eventually formed the Planned Parenthood of Central and Northern Arizona. The Mother's Health Clinic provided Arizona women with contraception and family planning at a time when birth control was not widely accepted or available.

Margaret Goldwater advocated for birth control and reproductive rights in the United States during the twentieth century. Goldwater was a socialite and philanthropist and was married to Barry Goldwater, US Senator from Arizona. She spent much of her life working to further the women's reproductive rights movement, which sought to expand women's legal, social, and physical access to reproductive healthcare, including contraception and abortions. Goldwater, with guidance from birth control activist Margaret Sanger, helped establish the second birth control clinic in Arizona, the Mother's Health Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. She conducted large fundraising events and authored articles in local newspapers on the need for contraceptives and family planning. Goldwater's advocacy helped launch and sustain The Mother's Health Clinic, which became the largest provider of women's reproductive healthcare in Arizona, and it later became Planned Parenthood of Central and Northern Arizona.