The existing educational system is failing to provide adequate environmental education to future generations so that they will have the knowledge, skills, and capability to address the environmental concerns that society is facing. The system must encompass environmental education through adoption of an eco-pedagogical system that either contributes to traditional education or is utilized on its own. The eco-pedagogical system produces education from a social and ecological point of view. As a result of the approach, students would develop and form a connection to nature as well as environmental hope. Each of these components will contribute to the student’s motivation, pathway thinking, agency thinking, and social trust. Leading to the development of the student's aptitude and capability to establish a goal and a plan to achieve it, as well as the identification of potential barriers and strategies for overcoming them. Ultimately, environmental education will equip future generations with the knowledge and skills necessary to create a social system that is capable of sustaining life while also caring for the environment and addressing environmental concerns produced by anthropocentric consequences. Keywords: Environmental education, eco-pedagogy, connection to nature, environmental hope Website Link: https://kvidean43.wixsite.com/environmentaled

Influenza virus A (IVA) poses a serious threat to human health, killing over 25,000 Americans in the 2022 flu season alone. In the past 10 years, vaccine efficacy has varied significantly, ranging from 20-60% each season. Because IVA is subject to high antigenic shift and strain cocirculation, more effective IVA vaccines are needed to reduce the incidence of disease. Herein we report the production of a recombinant immune complex (RIC) vaccine “4xM2e” in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using agroinfiltration for use as a potential universal IVA vaccine candidate. RICs fuse antigen to the C-terminus of an immunoglobulin heavy chain with an epitope tag cognate to the antibody, promoting immune complex formation to increase immunogenicity. IVA matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is selected to serve as vaccine antigen for its high sequence conservation, as only a small number of minor mutations have occurred since its discovery in 1981 in the human sequence. However, there is some divergence in zoonotic IVA strains, and to account for this, we designed a combination of human consensus, swine, and avian M2e variants, 4xM2e. This was fused to the C terminus of the RIC platform to improve M2e immunogenicity and IVA strain coverage. The 4xM2e RIC was produced in N. benthamiana and verified with SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays, along with an analysis of complex formation and the potential for complement activation via complement C1q ELISA. With this work, we demonstrate the potential of RICs and plant-expression systems to generate universal IVA vaccine candidates.

Since 800 CE— long before the creation of the National Park Service (NPS) in 1905 — the Havasupai Tribe has depended on the natural resources and diverse ecosystem of the Grand Canyon. A deeper examination of how the national park came to fruition however demonstrates an often negated and harrowing history of land theft, forced assimilation via reservation systems, and genocide. Political ecology is a way of considering how power dynamics, resource management, and society intersect. In the United States, this approach exposes the ways that anti-Indigenous legislation originating in the Department of the Interior has functioned both as a driver of ecosystem degradation and structural barricades to Native American self-determination. In order to achieve a just and sustainable future for all, it is necessary to dismantle hegemonic discourses regarding Indigenous communities.