![137601-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137601-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=HeFCMCNqzo1iXBgP4_xo69CiJhj0FyOn&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T155741Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=f2841549b30c97d146793b026a096e24f9a32a0ef33c62f11df9492db87c27a7&itok=OCBd5NGj)
![137286-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137286-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=iEVc.SfL_Fx2ihkBJioBG.fSDzTvEa_q&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240605/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240605T224514Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=5a5994741ce077646c78df3d810606d135e4695ade2c14f0b7f301f0dbd85551&itok=LbiDHcEY)
![137400-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137400-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=zb1goqVQfNLnx_O.9dRYj8eV_AWUF5QL&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T085005Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=3313646f2b77ff867117c78378b4d40748424449cc4e30471b0ff899e139bff2&itok=qnYlSNRL)
![141473-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-06/141473-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=lEiBSbazXh6rO9.4_YXpySOYQRNcOnP6&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T154456Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=c31c845f94b4acdd128ace7e6ebdf6f4dec47238ccb7a5cf802b2677cb60d536&itok=-DqC2NMZ)
Critical flicker fusion thresholds (CFFTs) describe when quick amplitude modulations of a light source become undetectable as the frequency of the modulation increases and are thought to underlie a number of visual processing skills, including reading. Here, we compare the impact of two vision-training approaches, one involving contrast sensitivity training and the other directional dot-motion training, compared to an active control group trained on Sudoku. The three training paradigms were compared on their effectiveness for altering CFFT. Directional dot-motion and contrast sensitivity training resulted in significant improvement in CFFT, while the Sudoku group did not yield significant improvement. This finding indicates that dot-motion and contrast sensitivity training similarly transfer to effect changes in CFFT. The results, combined with prior research linking CFFT to high-order cognitive processes such as reading ability, and studies showing positive impact of both dot-motion and contrast sensitivity training in reading, provide a possible mechanistic link of how these different training approaches impact reading abilities.
![141474-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-06/141474-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=ghW0Y9UCht88oLKWsCjFU9tM_TY9Dc3c&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T023947Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=51ee880627f4b51add0e31b7924c141822a3cc17d977083113da35e68c399d44&itok=uWO4W9vS)
Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious lifelong condition, its underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Recently, neuroimaging-based classifiers for ASD and typically developed (TD) individuals were developed to identify the abnormality of functional connections (FCs). Due to over-fitting and interferential effects of varying measurement conditions and demographic distributions, no classifiers have been strictly validated for independent cohorts. Here we overcome these difficulties by developing a novel machine-learning algorithm that identifies a small number of FCs that separates ASD versus TD. The classifier achieves high accuracy for a Japanese discovery cohort and demonstrates a remarkable degree of generalization for two independent validation cohorts in the USA and Japan. The developed ASD classifier does not distinguish individuals with major depressive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder from their controls but moderately distinguishes patients with schizophrenia from their controls. The results leave open the viable possibility of exploring neuroimaging-based dimensions quantifying the multiple-disorder spectrum.
![130393-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130393-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=jwsuRP_I2jmipSlvJtmcEbD0cH_d9BAe&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T153726Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=f3501bc4fb11c2838976508303ff97cd0a37c19b3a607fb71e8faf45460f7bb4&itok=Mst1eoY1)
![130394-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130394-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=iwiAwyzaZraIEe2azQdjT58FFUS5hzyU&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T155036Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=3adcdccf5f30037813623651b010c8f630b5055be992137d81f4bca9e52fea7c&itok=ZBVt4qbl)
Nutrient recycling by fish can be an important part of nutrient cycles in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. As a result, understanding the mechanisms that influence excretion elemental ratios of fish is of great importance to a complete understanding of aquatic nutrient cycles. As fish consume a wide range of diets that differ in elemental composition, stoichiometric theory can inform predictions about dietary effects on excretion ratios.
We conducted a meta-analysis to test the effects of diet elemental composition on consumption and nutrient excretion by fish. We examined the relationship between consumption rate and diet N : P across all laboratory studies and calculated effect sizes for each excretion metric to test for significant effects.
Consumption rate of N, but not P, was significantly negatively affected by diet N : P. Effect sizes of diet elemental composition on consumption-specific excretion N, P and N : P in laboratory studies were all significantly different from 0, but effect size for raw excretion N : P was not significantly different from zero in laboratory or field surveys.
Our results highlight the importance of having a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of consumer excretion rates and ratios. We suggest that more research is needed on how consumption and assimilation efficiency vary with N : P and in natural ecosystems in order to further understand mechanistic processes in consumer-driven nutrient recycling.
![130400-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130400-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=fITKeInJnFNHlXQPlJfW7Wnq5Imby1wy&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T084542Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=0883a773c48a901b038e5fe418a1fb71181e307baec8b049ce4e95a8dd928052&itok=eHIl7ATb)
![130330-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130330-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=i07fPE0nHI3CicBrgCjqMntJktdu7VWB&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T084857Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=a76f2cc7f59cbc80b6d3a63a16770b510f2671a650a1fb41b385ff29096dd448&itok=05ZHk0oZ)
![130333-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130333-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=jgric8NrXQ2TCm9KnEa39oWNBBGLhsTn&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T084857Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=4a897569b824ca44f93a1151843d2489825d75fc9fdfdec54873b162baa7e5a9&itok=NDqh4JUY)