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Sisters’ active engagement with their local communities defied anti-Catholic stereotypes at the time and created significant public roles for women. The skills needed to create and maintain successful social institutions demonstrate that these women were well-educated, largely self-sufficient, competent fundraisers, and well-liked by the Catholics and Protestants alike that they served. This dissertation argues for the importance of acknowledging and analyzing this tension: as celibate, educated women who used their skills for lifelong public service, the Sisters of Charity were clearly exceptional figures among nineteenth century women, though they did not challenge the gendered hierarchies of their church or American society.
To further understand this tension, this dissertation utilizes several cases studies of conflicts between sisters and their superiors in each community to examine the extent of their influence in deciding their community’s current priorities and planning for the future. These case studies demonstrate that obedience did not have a fixed definition but is better understood instead as dynamic and situational between multiple locations and circumstances. These findings concerning gender, labor, institution and community building, and the growth of American Catholicism highlight the integral role that women and religion played in the antebellum era.
This paper includes information pertaining to Native Nations and their need for innovative policing practices. Native Nations need their tribal police agencies to gain responsibility when it comes to advancing their community policing first before their tribal courts can begin to commit to greater prosecutions. Utilizing information from interviews and literary review sources, this paper includes the law background, information on tribal sovereignty, information attained from interviews, and census data. This information shared in this paper will help individuals within Criminal Justice studies to gain a better understanding of tribal courts, tribal police, and tribal jurisdictional issues. Not only will this paper help inform Criminal Justice students, but this paper will help other Indigenous students understand the resources, strategies, and implementation of previous Supreme Court Cases among their tribal governments, courts, and police departments. My findings will indicate that there has already been an implementation towards cross-deputization among an Arizona Tribe and how they are successfully sworn among their tribe, state, and federally.