Filtering by
- Member of: Programs and Communities
![141392-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2022-05/141392-thumbnail-image.png?versionId=1UlbizZ43Kyro_rLRnbLAi07X4y7Gp9y&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T062141Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=e88dea6d79924bb56bbc4273d219ed63d6ecd427886820a2a13e2904b4ca182a&itok=P4YEeMXm)
Problem: The prospect that urban heat island (UHI) effects and climate change may increase urban temperatures is a problem for cities that actively promote urban redevelopment and higher densities. One possible UHI mitigation strategy is to plant more trees and other irrigated vegetation to prevent daytime heat storage and facilitate nighttime cooling, but this requires water resources that are limited in a desert city like Phoenix.
Purpose: We investigated the tradeoffs between water use and nighttime cooling inherent in urban form and land use choices.
Methods: We used a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS) model to examine the variation in temperature and evaporation in 10 census tracts in Phoenix's urban core. After validating results with estimates of outdoor water use based on tract-level city water records and satellite imagery, we used the model to simulate the temperature and water use consequences of implementing three different scenarios.
Results and conclusions: We found that increasing irrigated landscaping lowers nighttime temperatures, but this relationship is not linear; the greatest reductions occur in the least vegetated neighborhoods. A ratio of the change in water use to temperature impact reached a threshold beyond which increased outdoor water use did little to ameliorate UHI effects.
Takeaway for practice: There is no one design and landscape plan capable of addressing increasing UHI and climate effects everywhere. Any one strategy will have inconsistent results if applied across all urban landscape features and may lead to an inefficient allocation of scarce water resources.
Research Support: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant SES-0345945 (Decision Center for a Desert City) and by the City of Phoenix Water Services Department. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.
![141393-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2022-05/141393-thumbnail-image.png?versionId=Zn1GOO9xcX2LcvjVq1J_NRFXfuiu6zDf&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T062141Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=4640655d2a4042c6a4764ab77fdb051cd47c8919299126938717d8c32b4fbcd4&itok=hItQvf1R)
This study addresses a classic sustainability challenge—the tradeoff between water conservation and temperature amelioration in rapidly growing cities, using Phoenix, Arizona and Portland, Oregon as case studies. An urban energy balance model— LUMPS (Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme)—is used to represent the tradeoff between outdoor water use and nighttime cooling during hot, dry summer months. Tradeoffs were characterized under three scenarios of land use change and three climate-change assumptions. Decreasing vegetation density reduced outdoor water use but sacrificed nighttime cooling. Increasing vegetated surfaces accelerated nighttime cooling, but increased outdoor water use by ~20%. Replacing impervious surfaces with buildings achieved similar improvements in nighttime cooling with minimal increases in outdoor water use; it was the most water-efficient cooling strategy. The fact that nighttime cooling rates and outdoor water use were more sensitive to land use scenarios than climate-change simulations suggested that cities can adapt to a warmer climate by manipulating land use.
![130388-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130388-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=p6DmkeA8v8ANnMEozzmpHfF2lKtffpkH&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T040105Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=36d2d53476b0a4791345dcc600b86733ca90335bf288f05e5144c51c0fe4e419&itok=qgB2xK_k)
![130389-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130389-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=H.g5BMkHVQpycr3UXTVsq3HdeZjLjEMz&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240612/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240612T200836Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=af5659b5f8e536f7d7bb1537f685804592397f70068e6cb7b6473adbc4ee2e83&itok=FlACsUmF)
![130390-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130390-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=u1SR0_9F0mNnLrXMPA4BMR.KINyLH0sY&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T110131Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=716cc2033ba69c83777b48fbf284f31c5c5dd588f44c4d91d6880887a2d2aa90&itok=QcZ7afdo)
![130325-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130325-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=Qm1I66aWiWLTLuTaMwwPX8KwJO5Klk.C&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T084631Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=693e4d09d8cb0ffe188b78da62689e07bda8a70bb50eb79e4d984568196045b0&itok=hOdCjsCY)
Testing mediation models is critical for identifying potential variables that need to be targeted to effectively change one or more outcome variables. In addition, it is now common practice for clinicians to use multiple informant (MI) data in studies of statistical mediation. By coupling the use of MI data with statistical mediation analysis, clinical researchers can combine the benefits of both techniques. Integrating the information from MIs into a statistical mediation model creates various methodological and practical challenges. The authors review prior methodological approaches to MI mediation analysis in clinical research and propose a new latent variable approach that overcomes some limitations of prior approaches. An application of the new approach to mother, father, and child reports of impulsivity, frustration tolerance, and externalizing problems (N = 454) is presented. The results showed that frustration tolerance mediated the relationship between impulsivity and externalizing problems. The new approach allows for a more comprehensive and effective use of MI data when testing mediation models.
![130410-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130410-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=xt2A1ORyvqk5ZQ2muLyAHYCEPEBjn1zo&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T110131Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=c02f7f15f8a33381214bf4e86031ee8cbd35a6fdf07696fd3ba2dda323b4d0df&itok=NJstEu_J)
![130411-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130411-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=Q6bWWzYGxLxcsiL_PZvDbIiApFrx6_m4&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T040105Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=6375cc176eadc33adc946d7469495cbe0d4ba1a4b511e096baec9d74cdc845e1&itok=qDRehOx8)
![130412-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130412-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=6qY4LuypXX9EeorWO5uK_zKaCk3U9.pG&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240608/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240608T110551Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=7851a04c38e615d60199bcb23c864bd4d0767545bc430522b147dd7adb9d6880&itok=xDaihN5G)
![130429-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-04/130429-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=UafPqcRVKRE01KV87ORhYB6PJhVev_Fn&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240613/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240613T110131Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=18ea3c12c98711219e548eab2dde2db2e6c13700f801e23c93b58df0082b50f9&itok=NLqKFEvL)
There is a substantial literature of correlational findings from studies in developed countries where abortion is legal that are riddled with methodological problems and selective biases that exaggerate post-pregnancy mental health risks of abortion while minimizing risks for unwanted childbearing. Health professionals need to be able to critically evaluate this literature and use caution when generalizing findings across contexts differing in legal grounds for abortion. The impact of diversity in women’s characteristics, circumstances, and reasons for avoiding childbirth has not been adequately incorporated in theory or research seeking to explain the variations that are found in women’s post-abortion mental health. Critical reviews have established that predictors of problems after abortion or childbirth are similar. Further, when a woman has an unwanted pregnancy, i.e., a pregnancy that she does not wish to end in a term birth, the likelihood that she will have post-pregnancy mental health problems is similar regardless of pregnancy outcome (abortion vs. delivery). Selective sampling bias that advantages the delivery group, common risk factors, and confounding of abortion with unintended pregnancy explain the correlation of legal abortion with negative outcomes observed in the literature from developed countries. Meanwhile, documented negative effects of unwanted pregnancy and childbearing are multiple, severe, and long-lasting for mother and child. Changing societal conditions, particularly in developing countries, provide an opportunity for correcting biases and limitations of current research. High quality studies aimed at understanding the varied relationships of unintended pregnancy to mental health outcomes –both positive and negative– in the context of the diverse circumstances of women’s lives are sorely needed. Such studies can inform the development of programs to re- duce unwanted childbearing and promote pre- and post-pregnancy mental health for all women, regardless of how they choose to end their pregnancy.