![136935-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136935-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=aUTdk4C1pX6WU6pL2oGcmKifq.utONV9&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T062707Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=0582479c49cee588a92cd33827975848ece07cd8be233277cdc2019ef70ae3ae&itok=peuQNl6h)
The synergistic effects between Vorinostat and Tamoxifen observed through a phase II study on breast cancer patients resistant to hormone therapy may involve more than the modulation of ER-alpha to reverse Tamoxifen resistance in ERBC cells. RT-qPCR of genes expressed in Tamoxifen resistant cells, trefoil factor 1(TFF1) and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC), were evaluated along with ESR1 and Diablo as a control. MYC was observed to have increased expression in the treated cells, whereas the other genes had a decrease in their expression levels after the cells were treated for 3 days with Vorinostat IC30 of 1 µM. As for targeting the AR, MCF7 Tamoxifen sensitive and resistant cells were not affected by the AR antagonists to determine an IC50. The cell viability for all MCF7 sub-clones only decreased for high concentrations of 5.56 µM - 50 µM in Bicalutamide and 16.67 µM – 50 µM of MDV1300. Furthermore, hormone depletion of MCF7 G11 Tamoxifen resistant sub-clones did not show a great response to DHT stimulation or the AR antagonists. In the RT-qPCR, the MCF7 G11 cells showed an increase in mRNA expression for ER, AR, and PR after 4 hours of treatment with estradiol. As for the DHT treatment, ER, AR, PR, and PSA had a minimal increase in the fold change, but the fold change in AR was less than in the estradiol treatment. The Mayo Clinic will investigate the possible usage of AR as a biomarker through immunohistochemistry.
![137083-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137083-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=wfwp1XiFhndM_l_D6BlxiGxJKd_iCqnH&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T081554Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=7f1c0534365656ec070d32e6350caa77d0b178b9ed443b5a3019f0da3b259dcb&itok=QEGPPz4v)
![137674-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137674-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=9X5dIwsXdWogw2uXKZ5GBX8zfEtQOYx7&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T074625Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=83c96d391ff984c0a76da72058c551beeeb939de6abf8be9b04d76a97732b0fd&itok=obfzfg7o)
![137735-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137735-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=p0eXeP2d03kcFVsH6Euhiot_ftbbE3Gt&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T171244Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=59292f0c61db9dd0f6fad453682f193d9c2d7b6018f4a2523a3f13fdd50cecc3&itok=v4vqSaHP)
![137273-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137273-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=Hu0K4Z1UUNTw5dQPNolgpjvNAy5jiqLb&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240606/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240606T101147Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=cda817c6ebc99ba1eabf93a5773e0c75d207e873997ad0f63b544588498d75ea&itok=E-z8Q_a2)
![136843-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136843-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=mYLS_x7QSGhWoJ1RFE496ASF6.Agm_Je&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T153910Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=0e72bd4cac0f0c79e938123a7089d9531181654884f2fd6d089b8b1fec49c545&itok=b2h-JrJU)
![137433-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137433-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=CzPRbcWP0sUum1lREHE5cuJnU6C6EVef&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240530/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240530T171757Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=c84e8ef064218392ba8635b8d487f2735a59df53bacd740335b9db7a24c86bd7&itok=Jp9MGZYo)
![137471-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137471-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=oBm7GR8SlMoe01GHGkxRpxffqdtTIygj&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T171244Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=4559ab9e0e7893b04a4275e191362932a202d2e816494fdfe5d803f01d33e3d3&itok=8MaqFm5-)
![136571-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136571-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=B_bmZ0K8fCXnwNcGlw_rvi7KyKtlyAbo&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240615/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240615T202724Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=5b3949d006bbdf5cf2c62b585b2759b527a29cd9e7b35db738f59734997844c5&itok=t-KZLV2M)
![141440-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2022-05/141440-thumbnail-image.png?versionId=rM3QFX8OFfqSuWu56OAgHAqcYudCDB6I&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T201106Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=f77380d137949062c911e30449626da945f18f7c8e8656ae0c0210d6abaea78e&itok=yMeMVi5q)
Engineered pavements cover a large fraction of cities and offer significant potential for urban heat island mitigation. Though rapidly increasing research efforts have been devoted to the study of pavement materials, thermal interactions between buildings and the ambient environment are mostly neglected. In this study, numerical models featuring a realistic representation of building-environment thermal interactions, were applied to quantify the effect of pavements on the urban thermal environment at multiple scales. It was found that performance of pavements inside the canyon was largely determined by the canyon geometry. In a high-density residential area, modifying pavements had insignificant effect on the wall temperature and building energy consumption. At a regional scale, various pavement types were also found to have a limited cooling effect on land surface temperature and 2-m air temperature for metropolitan Phoenix. In the context of global climate change, the effect of pavement was evaluated in terms of the equivalent CO2 emission. Equivalent CO2 emission offset by reflective pavements in urban canyons was only about 13.9e46.6% of that without building canopies, depending on the canyon geometry. This study revealed the importance of building-environment thermal interactions in determining thermal conditions inside the urban canopy.