![136995-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136995-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=LIfEXNHAFoZLmw1w45bAjMyiAQmCljqk&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T034338Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=4a4950ef7cbd131bfed734d9d6d087d3fee8530bb523a824c6fb528b4c055653&itok=hKjGGptB)
Objective. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of fish oil supplementation on blood coagulation parameters in adults with blood type A (BTA) compared to blood type O (BTO) over an eight-week intervention.
Design. The study was a randomized, double-blind dietary intervention using healthy adults with blood types A or O. A total of 18 participants completed the study. Subjects were randomized into two groups: an experimental group (fish oil) made up of 7 BTO and 4 BTA adults, and a control group (coconut oil) made up of 4 BTO and 3 BTA adults. Non-fasting blood was drawn and analyzed for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) at weeks 0 and 8. A food frequency questionnaire was completed at week 0, and anthropometric data collected at weeks 0 and 8.
Results. Baseline PTT results differed significantly between blood types, 28.1±1.4 seconds and 29.7±1.3 seconds for BTA and BTO respectively (p<0.05). Physical activity differed significantly between the experimental and control group at baseline, 53.9±26.8 METS and 86.0±41.9 METS, respectively (p<0.05). In the Fish oil group, prothrombin time increased for BTA vs. BTO, 0.18±0.29 seconds vs -0.11±0.31 seconds respectively (p<0.10indicating a statistical trend). There were no other differences between groups for the other outcome variables.
Conclusion. Fish oil supplementation prolonged clotting time in BTA adults and may be a useful strategy in this population for reducing cardiovascular disease risk. More research is needed to verify and expand these results.
![137016-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137016-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=zAdH0bGDPasGgaCaS3LBVeF6I9aufkk2&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240616/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240616T050552Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=a7980f1dfa6615c456bceac60d5b129ab0a2f4cb2bd5e488b07a717873bdd9c6&itok=46q9EDEX)
![137587-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137587-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=f9VlomwhHptig.YlTsTud8wa2lMmUav3&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T005219Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=3ceda1ffae1c7ca20264f78d18427c121553d7dc75e2e2d8edc2c159d1cf80e7&itok=X2vu0-Ee)
![137601-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137601-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=HeFCMCNqzo1iXBgP4_xo69CiJhj0FyOn&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T070205Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=3819271129655fbd3b24456c868e64a14e23e6112e4c9bf3c60f546b8c08c8da&itok=OCBd5NGj)
![137268-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137268-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=2VKTSrBDT2RNwZ0dtVSmLFZxcKYS77nR&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T021800Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=5e19ec4299bfa1635afb8956405b41a951d9fa1caca352d8d965cf9358355de1&itok=HkulWqm-)
![137460-Thumbnail Image.png](/s3/files/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137460-Thumbnail%20Image.png?itok=T8fBK8yt)
![137476-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/137476-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=1NOjVdcZZBP0cnYlJt5T.35oK4hC1Lp6&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T022943Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=75ad92caf98143f1a7d4d9543e5e947af9ade3dcb3d39b6e02f5351d1d4381eb&itok=TkjmzLYs)
![136620-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2021-05/136620-Thumbnail%20Image.png?versionId=1WSxJe7QggpcRTPfHeHmfdDyXE5mpo75&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240617/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240617T074833Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=d028e58814c70b14963e89f324480120e11bae1ed35253461b8ca8c114519144&itok=GBsJopyW)
![141440-Thumbnail Image.png](https://d1rbsgppyrdqq4.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/styles/width_400/public/2022-05/141440-thumbnail-image.png?versionId=rM3QFX8OFfqSuWu56OAgHAqcYudCDB6I&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIASBVQ3ZQ42ZLA5CUJ/20240614/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240614T201106Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=120&X-Amz-Signature=f77380d137949062c911e30449626da945f18f7c8e8656ae0c0210d6abaea78e&itok=yMeMVi5q)
Engineered pavements cover a large fraction of cities and offer significant potential for urban heat island mitigation. Though rapidly increasing research efforts have been devoted to the study of pavement materials, thermal interactions between buildings and the ambient environment are mostly neglected. In this study, numerical models featuring a realistic representation of building-environment thermal interactions, were applied to quantify the effect of pavements on the urban thermal environment at multiple scales. It was found that performance of pavements inside the canyon was largely determined by the canyon geometry. In a high-density residential area, modifying pavements had insignificant effect on the wall temperature and building energy consumption. At a regional scale, various pavement types were also found to have a limited cooling effect on land surface temperature and 2-m air temperature for metropolitan Phoenix. In the context of global climate change, the effect of pavement was evaluated in terms of the equivalent CO2 emission. Equivalent CO2 emission offset by reflective pavements in urban canyons was only about 13.9e46.6% of that without building canopies, depending on the canyon geometry. This study revealed the importance of building-environment thermal interactions in determining thermal conditions inside the urban canopy.