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Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been known to cause severe, multisystem adverse side effects, termed fluoroquinolone toxicity (FQT). This toxicity syndrome can present with adverse effects that vary from individual to individual, including effects on the musculoskeletal and nervous systems, among others. The mechanism behind FQT in mammals is not known, although various possibilities have been investigated. Among the hypothesized FQT mechanisms, those that could potentially explain multisystem toxicity include off-target mammalian topoisomerase interactions, increased production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and oxidative damage, as well as metal chelating properties of FQs. This review presents relevant information on fluoroquinolone antibiotics and FQT and explores the mechanisms that have been proposed. A fluoroquinolone-induced increase in reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress and damage presents the strongest evidence to explain this multisystem toxicity syndrome. Understanding the mechanism of FQT in mammals is important to aid in the prevention and treatment of this condition.
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That detention center was at the center of two conflicting responses to 9/11, which the Bush Administration tried to pursue simultaneously. One response was to investigate the 9/11 attacks in order to find the terrorists responsible for their planning and execution, detain those individuals, and try them for violations of law. The second response was to initiate an armed conflict against terrorist organizations and their state sponsors more broadly, including against those with loose or no ties to the individuals responsible for the 9/11 attacks. However, administration officials conflated these different responses and failed to develop a coherent strategy for fighting terrorism that would further either objective. The Guantánamo Bay detention program embodied that failure. The legal, political, and moral crisis that it has represented for fifteen years serves as evidence of the dangers of responding to national tragedies outside the bounds of established policy and legal frameworks.
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