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For the purpose of informing agent movement and improving the fit of the conceptual spread models, a variety of paleoenvironmental maps were tested within the Cardial Spread Model. The outcome of these experiments suggests that topographic slope was an important factor in settlement location and that rivers were important vectors of transportation for early Neolithic migration. This research demonstrates the application of techniques rare to archaeological analysis, agent-based modeling and the inclusion of paleoenvironmental information, and provides a valuable tool that future researchers can utilize to further evaluate and fabricate new models of Neolithic expansion.
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Data from the ASU Arizona Insulin Registry (AIR) registry and the USC Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk for diabetes project were used to test the cross-sectional and prospective utility of novel biomarkers to identify youth at risk for type 2 diabetes. Pediatric and adult data from the ASU AIR registry were assessed to examine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes risk. Three KCNQ1 SNPs (rs151290; rs2237892; rs2237895) were examined as novel genetic variants for type 2 diabetes in Latinos.
Latino youth with a biphasic response in the AIR registry exhibited significantly better β-cell function (P < 0.05) compared to youth with a monophasic response. Additionally, Latino youth with a 1-hr glucose ≥155 mg/dL exhibited a significantly greater decline in β-cell function over 8 years compared with the <155 mg/dL group (β=-327.8±126.2, P = 0.01). Moreover, a 1-hr glucose ≥155 mg/dL was associated with a 2.5 times greater risk for developing prediabetes over time (P = 0.0001). 1-hr glucose was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.73) when compared to the traditional biomarkers including HbA1c (0.58), fasting (0.67), and 2-hr glucose (0.64). Two KCNQ1 SNPs (rs151290 and rs2237892) exhibited significant associations with type 2 diabetes risk factors. For the novel glycemic markers, 15 SNPs were associated with the glucose response curve, while 18 SNPs were associated with 1-hr glucose.
These data suggest that glucose response curve and 1-hr glucose during an OGTT independently differentiate type 2 diabetes risk among Latino youth. Furthermore, it was successful to replicate the association of type 2 diabetes risk with 2 KCNQ1 SNPs in a Latino population. Data suggest that novel glycemic biomarkers are influenced by genetic background in this high-risk population.
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The same institutions (rules, norms and strategies) that dominated with the hierarchical infrastructure system of the twentieth century are unlikely to be good fit if a more distributed infrastructure increases in dominance. As information is produced at more distributed points, it is more difficult to coordinate and manage as an interconnected system. This research examines several aspects of these, historically dominant, infrastructure provisioning strategies to understand the implications of managing more distributed information. The first chapter experimentally examines information search and sharing strategies under different information protection rules. The second and third chapters focus on strategies to model and compare distributed energy production effects on shared electricity grid infrastructure. Finally, the fourth chapter dives into the literature of co-production, and explores connections between concepts in co-production and modularity (an engineering approach to information encapsulation) using the distributed energy resource regulations for San Diego, CA. Each of these sections highlights different aspects of how information rules offer a design space to enable a more adaptive, innovative and sustainable energy system that can more easily react to the shocks of the twenty-first century.
Human societies are unique in the level of cooperation among non-kin. Evolutionary models explaining this behavior typically assume pure strategies of cooperation and defection. Behavioral experiments, however, demonstrate that humans are typically conditional co-operators who have other-regarding preferences. Building on existing models on the evolution of cooperation and costly punishment, we use a utilitarian formulation of agent decision making to explore conditions that support the emergence of cooperative behavior. Our results indicate that cooperation levels are significantly lower for larger groups in contrast to the original pure strategy model. Here, defection behavior not only diminishes the public good, but also affects the expectations of group members leading conditional co-operators to change their strategies. Hence defection has a more damaging effect when decisions are based on expectations and not only pure strategies.