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- Genre: Masters Thesis
- Creators: Arizona State University
- Resource Type: Text
Description
Objective: To conduct a content analysis of nutrition marketing in school cafeterias in Arizona to understand how nutrition concepts are currently marketed to students. This is the first study to investigate the content of nutrition marketing in school cafeterias, and also the first to compare content across elementary, middle, and high schools. Methods: Photographs of marketing materials on display in school cafeterias were obtained from a convenient sample of 13 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and 12 high schools. In total, n=284 examples of nutrition marketing were collected. The photographs were sorted by grade level and then coded quantitatively and qualitatively based on their purpose, visual aspects, marketing strategies used, and language and literacy aspects. Given the multiple comparisons, statistical significance was assessed with a Bonferroni adjustment of p<0.0006.
Results: The average number of nutrition marketing materials within the school cafeterias was 7.7 ± 7.2. The purpose of the marketing materials ranged from promoting selection and consumption of fruits and vegetables, promoting nutrition and physical activity together, food safety, and educating about healthy eating. The sample of nutrition marketing materials emphasized selecting F/Vs over consumption of F/Vs. However, the opposite was found in marketing that exclusively promoted fruits and vegetables. The most common type of marketing in school cafeterias were flyers and most of the materials were small in size. The sample demonstrated a lack of implementation of marketing appeals in half of the sample, but the half that did utilized techniques that are known to be appealing to child and adolescent demographics, such as use of cartoons, humor, and social media/websites. 98.9% of the nutrition marketing with text were written in English and only 1.1% of the materials (n=3) were written in Spanish.
Conclusion: The nutrition marketing sample demonstrated some use of social marketing principles but does not compete with the scale and scope of the child-directed food and beverage marketing that students encounter in their environment. More research is needed to better understand how to best target nutrition marketing to child and adolescent student populations.
ContributorsXavier, Raevyn Francine (Author) / Bruening, Meg (Thesis advisor) / Adams, Marc (Committee member) / Lorts, Cori (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
REACT is a distributed resource allocation protocol that can be used to negotiate airtime among nodes in a wireless network. In this thesis, REACT is extended to support quality of service (QoS) airtime in an updated version called REACT QoS . Nodes can request the higher airtime class to receive priority in the network. This differentiated service is provided by using the access categories (ACs) provided by 802.11, where one AC represents the best effort (BE) class of airtime and another represents the QoS class. Airtime allocations computed by REACT QoS are realized using an updated tuning algorithm and REACT QoS is updated to allow for QoS airtime along multi-hop paths. Experimentation on the w-iLab.t wireless testbed in an ad-hoc setting shows that these extensions are effective. In a single-hop setting, nodes requesting the higher class of airtime are guaranteed their allocation, with the leftover airtime being divided fairly among the remaining nodes. In the multi-hop scenario, REACT QoS is shown to perform better in each of airtime allocation and delay, jitter, and throughput, when compared to 802.11. Finally, the most influential factors and 2-way interactions are identified through the use of a locating array based screening experiment for delay, jitter, and throughput responses. The screening experiment includes a factor on how the channel is partitioned into data and control traffic, and its effect on the responses is determined.
ContributorsKulenkamp, Daniel J (Author) / Syrotiuk, Violet R (Thesis advisor) / Colbourn, Charles J (Committee member) / Tinnirello, Ilenia (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
In the US, menstrual education, which provides key information about menstrual hygiene and health to both young girls and boys, historically lacks biologically accurate information about the menstrual cycle and perpetuates harmful perceptions about female reproductive health. When people are unable to differentiate between normal and abnormal menstrual bleeding, based on a lack of quality menstrual education, common gynecological conditions often remain underreported. This raises a question as to how girls’ menstrual education experiences influence the ways in which they perceive normal menstrual bleeding and seek treatment for common abnormalities, such as heavy, painful, or irregular menstrual bleeding. A mixed methods approach allowed evaluation of girls’ abilities to recognize abnormal menstrual bleeding. A literature review established relevant historical and social context on the prevalence and quality of menstrual education in the US. Then, five focus groups, each including five to eight college-aged women, totaling thirty-three participants, allowed for macro-level analysis of current challenges and gaps in knowledge related to menstruation. To better examine the relationship between menstrual education and reproductive health outcomes, twelve semi-structured, one-on-one interviews allowed micro-level analysis. Those interviews consisted of women diagnosed with endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, common gynecological conditions that include abnormal menstrual bleeding. Developing a codebook of definitions and exemplars of significant text segments and applying it to the collected data revealed several themes. For example, mothers, friends, teachers, the Internet, and social media are among the most common sources of information about menstrual hygiene and health. Yet, women reported that those sources of information often echoed stigmatized ideas about menstruation, eliciting feelings of shame and fear. That poor quality of information was instrumental to women’s abilities to detect and report abnormal menstrual bleeding. Women desire and need biologically accurate information about reproductive health, including menstruation and ovulation, fertility, and methods of birth control as treatments for abnormal menstrual bleeding. Unfortunately, menstrual education often leaves girls ill-equipped to identify and seek treatment for common gynecological conditions. Those findings may influence current menstrual education, incorporating biological information and actively dismissing common misconceptions about menstruation that influence stigma.
ContributorsSantora, Emily Katherine (Author) / Maienschein, Jane (Thesis advisor) / Ellison, Karin (Committee member) / Hurlbut, Ben (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Though the term toxic masculinity has only been defined and in use in recent years, the type of masculinity that emphasizes characteristics that are harmful (to women, society, or to the men themselves) is not exclusively modern. I locate toxic masculinity depicted in nearly all of the male characters of Anne Brontë’s novels, Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), whose practice is legitimized and supported by male dominance in the nineteenth-century British middle-class. While the nineteenth- century British middle-class encouraged domestic masculinity, which emphasized caring for the home and family, many of Brontë’s male characters opt to practice toxic masculinity instead in order to assert their masculine identity and exercise authority, particularly over women. The characters in the novels associate characteristics of toxic masculinity—indulgence, brutality, superiority, and exclusively male spaces—with masculine identity. In these novels, toxic masculinity often leads to the men’s mistreatment of women’s bodies, emotions, possessions, and labor, or even outright abuse and physical violence. Because of the socially, legally, and culturally sanctioned dominance of men and common expectations for women’s subservience in the nineteenth-century British middle-class, toxic masculinity was essentially inescapable for women, and because they had no option for legal recourse in the face of abuse by men, they were forced to respond to toxic masculinity themselves. While all of the women in the novels experience toxic masculinity, it is not always to the same extent, and thus the women are not unified in their responses, but each responds in the way most beneficial to herself. While many women opt for the path of least resistance and meekly accept their treatment under toxic masculinity, others choose to try to utilize it for their own gain by either appropriating or indulging it, while the heroines of the novels attempt to challenge toxic masculinity.
ContributorsGraham, Sophie (Author) / Free, Melissa (Thesis advisor) / Bivona, Dan (Committee member) / Harper, Tobias (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Apache Spark is one of the most widely adopted open-source Big Data processing engines. High performance and ease of use for a wide class of users are some of the primary reasons for the wide adoption. Although data partitioning increases the performance of the analytics workload, its application to Apache Spark is very limited due to layered data abstractions. Once data is written to a stable storage system like Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), the data locality information is lost, and while reading the data back into Spark’s in-memory layer, the reading process is random which incurs shuffle overhead. This report investigates the use of metadata information that is stored along with the data itself for reducing shuffle overload in the join-based workloads. It explores the Hyperspace library to mitigate the shuffle overhead for Spark SQL applications. The article also introduces the Lachesis system to solve the shuffle overhead problem. The benchmark results show that the persistent partition and co-location techniques can be beneficial for matrix multiplication using SQL (Structured Query Language) operator along with the TPC-H analytical queries benchmark. The study concludes with a discussion about the trade-offs of using integrated stable storage to layered storage abstractions. It also discusses the feasibility of integration of the Machine Learning (ML) inference phase with the SQL operators along with cross-engine compatibility for employing data locality information.
ContributorsBarhate, Pratik Narhar (Author) / Zou, Jia (Thesis advisor) / Zhao, Ming (Committee member) / Elsayed, Mohamed Sarwat (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
This paper introduces an application space of Power over Ethernet to Universal Serial Bus (USB) Power Delivery, and develops 3 different flyback approaches to a 45 Watt solution in the space. The designs of Fixed Frequency Flyback, Quasi-Resonant Flyback, and Active Clamp Flyback are developed for the application with 37 Volts (V) to 57 V Direct Current (DC) input voltage and 5 V, 9 V, 15 V, and 20 V output, and results are examined for the given specifications. Implementation based concerns are addressed for each topology during the design process. The systems are proven and tested for efficiency, thermals, and output voltage ripple across the operation range. The topologies are then compared for a cost and benefit analysis and their highlights are identified to showcase each systems prowess.
ContributorsNasir, Anthony Michael (Author) / Ayyanar, Raja (Thesis advisor) / Lei, Qin (Committee member) / Hari, Ajay (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
There is a high demand for customized designs of various types of cement-based materials in order to address specific purposes in the construction field. These demands stem from the need to optimize the cementitious matrix properties and reinforcement choices, especially in high reliability, durability, and performance applications that include infrastructure, energy production, commercial buildings, and may ultimately be extended to low risk/high volume applications such as residential applications. The typical tools required to guide practicing engineers should be based on optimization algorithms that require highly efficient capacity and design alternatives and optimal computational tools. The general case of flexural design of members is an important aspect of design of structural members which can be extended to a variety of applications that include various cross-sections such as rectangular, W-sections, channels, angles, and T sections. The model utilized the simplified linear constitutive response of cement-based composite in compression and tension and extends into a two-segment elastic-plastic, strain softening, hardening, tension-stiffening, and a multi-segment system. The generalized parametric model proposed uses a dimensionless system in the stress-strain materials diagram to formulate piecewise equations for an equilibrium of internal stresses and obtains strain distributions for the closed-form solution of neutral axis location. This would allow for the computation of piecewise moment-curvature response. The number of linear residual stress implemented is flexible to a user to maintain a robust response. In the present approach bilinear, trilinear, and quad-linear models are addressed and a procedure for incorporating additional segments is presented. Moreover, a closed-form solution of moment-curvature can be solved and employed in calculating load-deflection response. The model is adaptable for various types of fiber-reinforced and textile reinforced concrete (FRC, TRC, UHPC, AAC, and Reinforced Concrete). The extensions to cover continuous fiber reinforcement such as textile reinforced concrete (TRC, FRCM) strengthening and repair are addressed. The theoretical model is extended to incorporate the hybrid design (HRC) with continuous rebar with FRC to increase the ductility and ultimate moment capacity. HRC extends the performance of the fiber system to incorporate residual capacity into a serviceability-based design that reduced the reliance on the design based on the limit state. The design chart for HRC and as well as conventional RC has been generated for practicing engineering applications. Results are compared to a large array of data from experimental results conducted at the ASU structural lab facilities and other published literature.
Contributorspleesudjai, chidchanok (Author) / Mobasher, Barzin (Thesis advisor) / Neithalath, Narayanan (Committee member) / Rajan, Subramaniam (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
The health benefits of sufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sleep arewell-supported, with established links to decreased cancer risk, cardiometabolic health, all-cause mortality, and psychiatric symptomatology—including stress-related phenomena—for those who engage in 150 min MVPA/week and get at least 7 hours sleep/night. The latter outcome has rapidly become a major public health concern as our nation grapples with the impact of prolonged COVID-19 pandemic stress, which has triggered an onslaught of depression, anxiety, and PTSD throughout the population. Thus, while strategies to decrease stress are desperately needed, many Americans fall short of the very MVPA and sleep recommendations that have been shown to increase their capacity to cope. The purpose of the present study was to explore time-varying associations of MVPA and sleep with momentary perceived stress in adults forced to work from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty remote-working adults (86.7% women; mean age 37.5 years, SD = 10.4 years) wore GENEActiv accelerometers on the wrist to capture MVPA and sleep data, and answered four Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) per day regarding perceived stress, for fourteen days straight. Between- and within-person variations in MVPA, sleep quality rating (SQR), total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE) were analyzed via multilevel models to determine whether certain changes in these parameters might lead to decreased perceived momentary stress. Between-person models revealed a significant negative effect of SQR on perceived stress levels the next day, beta= -.651, SE= .303, P= .04. Mean MVPA, TST, and SE were not significant inter-individual predictors of momentary stress. However, within persons, higher than normal MVPA (beta= -.005, SE= .002, P= .015), SQR (beta= -.277, SE= .071, P <.001), TST (beta= -.001, SE= .000, P = .004), and SE (beta= -.524, SE= .242, P = .031) were all associated with significant decreases in momentary stress, with individuals experiencing incremental benefits with each additional minute of MVPA and TST. In conclusion, daily fluctuations in MVPA and sleep habits correlate more strongly with momentary stress than do typical levels of these behaviors; this presents an attainable strategy for individuals to enhance their capacity to cope.
ContributorsLyons, Rachel Crosley (Author) / Buman, Matthew P (Thesis advisor) / Der Ananian, Cheryl (Committee member) / McCracken, Kasondra (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
The objective of this study is to estimate the variation of flight performance of a variable sweep wing geometry on the reverse engineered Boeing 2707-100 SST, when compared against the traditional delta wing approach used on supersonic airliner. The reason for this lies beneath the fact that supersonic orientations of wings doesn’t seem to work well for subsonic conditions, and subsonic wings are inefficient for supersonic flight. This would likely mean that flying long haul subsonic with supersonic wing geometry is inefficient compared to regular aircraft, but more importantly requires high takeoff/landing speeds and even long runways to bring the aircraft to hold. One might be able to get around this problem - partially - by adding thrust either by using afterburners, or by using variable geometry wings. To assess the flight performance, the research work done in this report focuses on implementing the latter solution to the abovementioned problem by using the aerodynamic performance parameters such as Coefficient of Lift, Coefficient of Drag along with its components specific to every test Mach number and altitude, along with the propulsion performance parameters such as thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption at different iterations of power settings of engine, flight Mach number and altitude in a propulsion database file to estimate flight performance using flight missions and energy-maneuverability theory approach. The flight performance was studied at several sweep angles of the aircraft to estimate the best possible sweep orientation based on the requirement of mission and an optimal flight mission was developed for an aircraft with swing wing capabilities.
ContributorsChaudhari, Bhargav Naginbhai (Author) / Takahashi, Timothy T (Thesis advisor) / Dahm, Werner J (Committee member) / Kim, Jeonglae (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Student retention is a critical metric for many universities whose intention is to support student success. The goal of this thesis is to create retention models utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques. The factors explored in this research include only those known during the admissions process. These models have two goals: first, to correctly predict as many non-returning students as possible, while minimizing the number of students who are falsely predicted as non-returning. Next, to identify important features in student retention and provide a practical explanation for a student's decision to no longer persist. The models are then used to provide outreach to students that need more support. The findings of this research indicate that the current top performing model is Adaboost which is able to successfully predict non-returning students with an accuracy of 54 percent.
ContributorsWade, Alexis N (Author) / Gel, Esma (Thesis advisor) / Yan, Hao (Thesis advisor) / Pavlic, Theodore (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021