Matching Items (7)
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- All Subjects: Theoretical mathematics
- All Subjects: Lattice theory
- Creators: Czygrinow, Andrzej
- Creators: Bremner, Andrew
Description
In 1959, Iwasawa proved that the size of the $p$-part of the class groups of a $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension grows as a power of $p$ with exponent ${\mu}p^m+{\lambda}\,m+\nu$ for $m$ sufficiently large. Broadly, I construct conditions to verify if a given $m$ is indeed sufficiently large. More precisely, let $CG_m^i$ (class group) be the $\epsilon_i$-eigenspace component of the $p$-Sylow subgroup of the class group of the field at the $m$-th level in a $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension; and let $IACG^i_m$ (Iwasawa analytic class group) be ${\mathbb{Z}_p[[T]]/((1+T)^{p^m}-1,f(T,\omega^{1-i}))}$, where $f$ is the associated Iwasawa power series. It is expected that $CG_m^i$ and $IACG^i_m$ be isomorphic, providing us with a powerful connection between algebraic and analytic techniques; however, as of yet, this isomorphism is unestablished in general. I consider the existence and the properties of an exact sequence $$0\longrightarrow\ker{\longrightarrow}CG_m^i{\longrightarrow}IACG_m^i{\longrightarrow}\textrm{coker}\longrightarrow0.$$ In the case of a $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension where the Main Conjecture is established, there exists a pseudo-isomorphism between the respective inverse limits of $CG_m^i$ and $IACG_m^i$. I consider conditions for when such a pseudo-isomorphism immediately gives the existence of the desired exact sequence, and I also consider work-around methods that preserve cardinality for otherwise. However, I primarily focus on constructing conditions to verify if a given $m$ is sufficiently large that the kernel and cokernel of the above exact sequence have become well-behaved, providing similarity of growth both in the size and in the structure of $CG_m^i$ and $IACG_m^i$; as well as conditions to determine if any such $m$ exists. The primary motivating idea is that if $IACG_m^i$ is relatively easy to work with, and if the relationship between $CG_m^i$ and $IACG_m^i$ is understood; then $CG_m^i$ becomes easier to work with. Moreover, while the motivating framework is stated concretely in terms of the cyclotomic $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $p$-power roots of unity, all results are generally applicable to arbitrary $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extensions as they are developed in terms of Iwasawa-Theory-inspired, yet abstracted, algebraic results on maps between inverse limits.
ContributorsElledge, Shawn Michael (Author) / Childress, Nancy (Thesis advisor) / Bremner, Andrew (Committee member) / Fishel, Susanna (Committee member) / Jones, John (Committee member) / Paupert, Julien (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2013
Description
Since the seminal work of Tur ́an, the forbidden subgraph problem has been among the central questions in extremal graph theory. Let ex(n;F) be the smallest number m such that any graph on n vertices with m edges contains F as a subgraph. Then the forbidden subgraph problem asks to find ex(n; F ) for various graphs F . The question can be further generalized by asking for the extreme values of other graph parameters like minimum degree, maximum degree, or connectivity. We call this type of question a Tura ́n-type problem. In this thesis, we will study Tura ́n-type problems and their variants for graphs and hypergraphs.
Chapter 2 contains a Tura ́n-type problem for cycles in dense graphs. The main result in this chapter gives a tight bound for the minimum degree of a graph which guarantees existence of disjoint cycles in the case of dense graphs. This, in particular, answers in the affirmative a question of Faudree, Gould, Jacobson and Magnant in the case of dense graphs.
In Chapter 3, similar problems for trees are investigated. Recently, Faudree, Gould, Jacobson and West studied the minimum degree conditions for the existence of certain spanning caterpillars. They proved certain bounds that guarantee existence of spanning caterpillars. The main result in Chapter 3 significantly improves their result and answers one of their questions by proving a tight minimum degree bound for the existence of such structures.
Chapter 4 includes another Tur ́an-type problem for loose paths of length three in a 3-graph. As a corollary, an upper bound for the multi-color Ramsey number for the loose path of length three in a 3-graph is achieved.
Chapter 2 contains a Tura ́n-type problem for cycles in dense graphs. The main result in this chapter gives a tight bound for the minimum degree of a graph which guarantees existence of disjoint cycles in the case of dense graphs. This, in particular, answers in the affirmative a question of Faudree, Gould, Jacobson and Magnant in the case of dense graphs.
In Chapter 3, similar problems for trees are investigated. Recently, Faudree, Gould, Jacobson and West studied the minimum degree conditions for the existence of certain spanning caterpillars. They proved certain bounds that guarantee existence of spanning caterpillars. The main result in Chapter 3 significantly improves their result and answers one of their questions by proving a tight minimum degree bound for the existence of such structures.
Chapter 4 includes another Tur ́an-type problem for loose paths of length three in a 3-graph. As a corollary, an upper bound for the multi-color Ramsey number for the loose path of length three in a 3-graph is achieved.
ContributorsYie, Jangwon (Author) / Czygrinow, Andrzej (Thesis advisor) / Kierstead, Henry (Committee member) / Colbourn, Charles (Committee member) / Fishel, Susanna (Committee member) / Spielberg, John (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2018
Description
The Tamari lattices have been intensely studied since they first appeared in Dov Tamari’s thesis around 1952. He defined the n-th Tamari lattice T(n) on bracketings of a set of n+1 objects, with a cover relation based on the associativity rule in one direction. Despite their interesting aspects and the attention they have received, a formula for the number of maximal chains in the Tamari lattices is still unknown. The purpose of this thesis is to convey my results on progress toward the solution of this problem and to discuss future work.
A few years ago, Bergeron and Préville-Ratelle generalized the Tamari lattices to the m-Tamari lattices. The original Tamari lattices T(n) are the case m=1. I establish a bijection between maximum length chains in the m-Tamari lattices and standard m-shifted Young tableaux. Using Thrall’s formula, I thus derive the formula for the number of maximum length chains in T(n).
For each i greater or equal to -1 and for all n greater or equal to 1, I define C(i,n) to be the set of maximal chains of length n+i in T(n). I establish several properties of maximal chains (treated as tableaux) and identify a particularly special property: each maximal chain may or may not possess a plus-full-set. I show, surprisingly, that for all n greater or equal to 2i+4, each member of C(i,n) contains a plus-full-set. Utilizing this fact and a collection of maps, I obtain a recursion for the number of elements in C(i,n) and an explicit formula based on predetermined initial values. The formula is a polynomial in n of degree 3i+3. For example, the number of maximal chains of length n in T(n) is n choose 3.
I discuss current work and future plans involving certain equivalence classes of maximal chains in the Tamari lattices. If a maximal chain may be obtained from another by swapping a pair of consecutive edges with another pair in the Hasse diagram, the two maximal chains are said to differ by a square move. Two maximal chains are said to be in the same equivalence class if one may be obtained from the other by making a set of square moves.
A few years ago, Bergeron and Préville-Ratelle generalized the Tamari lattices to the m-Tamari lattices. The original Tamari lattices T(n) are the case m=1. I establish a bijection between maximum length chains in the m-Tamari lattices and standard m-shifted Young tableaux. Using Thrall’s formula, I thus derive the formula for the number of maximum length chains in T(n).
For each i greater or equal to -1 and for all n greater or equal to 1, I define C(i,n) to be the set of maximal chains of length n+i in T(n). I establish several properties of maximal chains (treated as tableaux) and identify a particularly special property: each maximal chain may or may not possess a plus-full-set. I show, surprisingly, that for all n greater or equal to 2i+4, each member of C(i,n) contains a plus-full-set. Utilizing this fact and a collection of maps, I obtain a recursion for the number of elements in C(i,n) and an explicit formula based on predetermined initial values. The formula is a polynomial in n of degree 3i+3. For example, the number of maximal chains of length n in T(n) is n choose 3.
I discuss current work and future plans involving certain equivalence classes of maximal chains in the Tamari lattices. If a maximal chain may be obtained from another by swapping a pair of consecutive edges with another pair in the Hasse diagram, the two maximal chains are said to differ by a square move. Two maximal chains are said to be in the same equivalence class if one may be obtained from the other by making a set of square moves.
ContributorsNelson, Luke (Author) / Fishel, Susanna (Thesis advisor) / Czygrinow, Andrzej (Committee member) / Jones, John (Committee member) / Kierstead, Henry (Committee member) / Spielberg, John (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
The Tamari lattice T(n) was originally defined on bracketings of a set of n+1 objects, with a cover relation based on the associativity rule in one direction. Since then it has been studied in various areas of mathematics including cluster algebras, discrete geometry, algebraic combinatorics, and Catalan theory. Although in several related lattices the number of maximal chains is known, the enumeration of these chains in Tamari lattices is still an open problem.
This dissertation defines a partially-ordered set on equivalence classes of certain saturated chains of T(n) called the Tamari Block poset, TB(lambda). It further proves TB(lambda) is a graded lattice. It then shows for lambda = (n-1,...,2,1) TB(lambda) is anti-isomorphic to the Higher Stasheff-Tamari orders in dimension 3 on n+2 elements. It also investigates enumeration questions involving TB(lambda), and proves other structural results along the way.
This dissertation defines a partially-ordered set on equivalence classes of certain saturated chains of T(n) called the Tamari Block poset, TB(lambda). It further proves TB(lambda) is a graded lattice. It then shows for lambda = (n-1,...,2,1) TB(lambda) is anti-isomorphic to the Higher Stasheff-Tamari orders in dimension 3 on n+2 elements. It also investigates enumeration questions involving TB(lambda), and proves other structural results along the way.
ContributorsTreat, Kevin (Author) / Fishel, Susanna (Thesis advisor) / Czygrinow, Andrzej (Committee member) / Jones, John (Committee member) / Childress, Nancy (Committee member) / Colbourn, Charles (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
The Cambrian lattice corresponding to a Coxeter element c of An, denoted Camb(c),
is the subposet of An induced by the c-sortable elements, and the m-eralized Cambrian
lattice corresponding to c, denoted Cambm(c), is dened as a subposet of the
braid group accompanied with the right weak ordering induced by the c-sortable elements
under certain conditions. Both of these families generalize the well-studied
Tamari lattice Tn rst introduced by D. Tamari in 1962. S. Fishel and L. Nelson
enumerated the chains of maximum length of Tamari lattices.
In this dissertation, I study the chains of maximum length of the Cambrian and
m-eralized Cambrian lattices, precisely, I enumerate these chains in terms of other
objects, and then nd formulas for the number of these chains for all m-eralized
Cambrian lattices of A1, A2, A3, and A4. Furthermore, I give an alternative proof
for the number of chains of maximum length of the Tamari lattice Tn, and provide
conjectures and corollaries for the number of these chains for all m-eralized Cambrian
lattices of A5.
is the subposet of An induced by the c-sortable elements, and the m-eralized Cambrian
lattice corresponding to c, denoted Cambm(c), is dened as a subposet of the
braid group accompanied with the right weak ordering induced by the c-sortable elements
under certain conditions. Both of these families generalize the well-studied
Tamari lattice Tn rst introduced by D. Tamari in 1962. S. Fishel and L. Nelson
enumerated the chains of maximum length of Tamari lattices.
In this dissertation, I study the chains of maximum length of the Cambrian and
m-eralized Cambrian lattices, precisely, I enumerate these chains in terms of other
objects, and then nd formulas for the number of these chains for all m-eralized
Cambrian lattices of A1, A2, A3, and A4. Furthermore, I give an alternative proof
for the number of chains of maximum length of the Tamari lattice Tn, and provide
conjectures and corollaries for the number of these chains for all m-eralized Cambrian
lattices of A5.
ContributorsAl-Suleiman, Sultan (Author) / Fishel, Susanna (Thesis advisor) / Childress, Nancy (Committee member) / Czygrinow, Andrzej (Committee member) / Jones, John (Committee member) / Spielberg, John (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
The chromatic number $\chi(G)$ of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is the minimum
number of colors needed to color $V(G)$ such that no adjacent vertices
receive the same color. The coloring number $\col(G)$ of a graph
$G$ is the minimum number $k$ such that there exists a linear ordering
of $V(G)$ for which each vertex has at most $k-1$ backward neighbors.
It is well known that the coloring number is an upper bound for the
chromatic number. The weak $r$-coloring number $\wcol_{r}(G)$ is
a generalization of the coloring number, and it was first introduced
by Kierstead and Yang \cite{77}. The weak $r$-coloring number $\wcol_{r}(G)$
is the minimum integer $k$ such that for some linear ordering $L$
of $V(G)$ each vertex $v$ can reach at most $k-1$ other smaller
vertices $u$ (with respect to $L$) with a path of length at most
$r$ and $u$ is the smallest vertex in the path. This dissertation proves that $\wcol_{2}(G)\le23$ for every planar graph $G$.
The exact distance-$3$ graph $G^{[\natural3]}$ of a graph $G=(V,E)$
is a graph with $V$ as its set of vertices, and $xy\in E(G^{[\natural3]})$
if and only if the distance between $x$ and $y$ in $G$ is $3$.
This dissertation improves the best known upper bound of the
chromatic number of the exact distance-$3$ graphs $G^{[\natural3]}$
of planar graphs $G$, which is $105$, to $95$. It also improves
the best known lower bound, which is $7$, to $9$.
A class of graphs is nowhere dense if for every $r\ge 1$ there exists $t\ge 1$ such that no graph in the class contains a topological minor of the complete graph $K_t$ where every edge is subdivided at most $r$ times. This dissertation gives a new characterization of nowhere dense classes using generalized notions of the domination number.
number of colors needed to color $V(G)$ such that no adjacent vertices
receive the same color. The coloring number $\col(G)$ of a graph
$G$ is the minimum number $k$ such that there exists a linear ordering
of $V(G)$ for which each vertex has at most $k-1$ backward neighbors.
It is well known that the coloring number is an upper bound for the
chromatic number. The weak $r$-coloring number $\wcol_{r}(G)$ is
a generalization of the coloring number, and it was first introduced
by Kierstead and Yang \cite{77}. The weak $r$-coloring number $\wcol_{r}(G)$
is the minimum integer $k$ such that for some linear ordering $L$
of $V(G)$ each vertex $v$ can reach at most $k-1$ other smaller
vertices $u$ (with respect to $L$) with a path of length at most
$r$ and $u$ is the smallest vertex in the path. This dissertation proves that $\wcol_{2}(G)\le23$ for every planar graph $G$.
The exact distance-$3$ graph $G^{[\natural3]}$ of a graph $G=(V,E)$
is a graph with $V$ as its set of vertices, and $xy\in E(G^{[\natural3]})$
if and only if the distance between $x$ and $y$ in $G$ is $3$.
This dissertation improves the best known upper bound of the
chromatic number of the exact distance-$3$ graphs $G^{[\natural3]}$
of planar graphs $G$, which is $105$, to $95$. It also improves
the best known lower bound, which is $7$, to $9$.
A class of graphs is nowhere dense if for every $r\ge 1$ there exists $t\ge 1$ such that no graph in the class contains a topological minor of the complete graph $K_t$ where every edge is subdivided at most $r$ times. This dissertation gives a new characterization of nowhere dense classes using generalized notions of the domination number.
ContributorsAlmulhim, Ahlam (Author) / Kierstead, Henry (Thesis advisor) / Sen, Arunabha (Committee member) / Richa, Andrea (Committee member) / Czygrinow, Andrzej (Committee member) / Fishel, Susanna (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020
Description
C*-algebras of categories of paths were introduced by Spielberg in 2014 and generalize C*-algebras of higher rank graphs. An approximately finite dimensional (AF) C*-algebra is one which is isomorphic to an inductive limit of finite dimensional C*-algebras. In 2012, D.G. Evans and A. Sims proposed an analogue of a cycle for higher rank graphs and show that the lack of such an object is necessary for the associated C*-algebra to be AF. Here, I give a class of examples of categories of paths whose associated C*-algebras are Morita equivalent to a large number of periodic continued fraction AF algebras, first described by Effros and Shen in 1980. I then provide two examples which show that the analogue of cycles proposed by Evans and Sims is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the C*-algebra of a category of paths to be AF.
ContributorsMitscher, Ian (Author) / Spielberg, John (Thesis advisor) / Bremner, Andrew (Committee member) / Kalizsewski, Steven (Committee member) / Kawski, Matthias (Committee member) / Quigg, John (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020