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- Member of: ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Description
Objective: The purpose of this randomized parallel arm trial was to demonstrate the effects of daily fish oil supplementation (600mg per day for eight weeks) on body composition and body mass in young healthy women, aged 18-38, at a large southwestern university. Design: 26 non-obese (mean BMI 23.7±0.6 kg/m2), healthy women (18-38y; mean, 23.5±1.1 y) from a southwestern Arizona university campus community completed the study. Subjects were healthy, non-smokers, consuming less than 3.5 oz of fish per week according to self-report. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: FISH (600 mg omega-3 fatty acids provided in one gel capsule per day), or CON (1000 mg coconut oil placebo provided in one gel capsule per day). Body weight, BMI, and percent body fat were measured using a stadiometer and bioelectrical impedance scale at the screening visit and intervention weeks 1, 4, and 8. 24-hour dietary recalls were also performed at weeks 1 and 8. Results: 8 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation did not significantly alter body weight (p=0.830), BMI (p=1.00), or body fat percentage (p=0.600) as compared to placebo. Although not statistically significant, 24-hour dietary recalls performed at the beginning and end of the intervention revealed a trend towards increased caloric intake in the FISH group and decreased caloric intake in the CON group throughout the course of the study (p=0.069). If maintained, this difference in caloric intake could have physiological relevance. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids do not significantly alter body weight or body composition in healthy young females. These findings do not refute the current recommendations for Americans to consume at least 8 oz of omega-3-rich seafood per week, supplying 250 mg EPA and DHA per day. More research is needed to investigate the potential for omega-3 fatty acids to modulate daily caloric intake.
ContributorsTeran, Bianca (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Johnson, Melinda (Committee member) / Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2013
Description
Long-term results of dietary weight loss interventions are not promising, with rates of weight loss maintenance at a mere 20%. Psychological factors related to weight maintenance include setting unrealistic weight goals, poor problem-solving skills, low self-efficacy, dichotomous thinking, and external locus of control. The ability to maintain a stable bodyweight over time has been associated with optimal health outcomes, lower stress levels, and higher general well-being. Dichotomous thinking has been associated with overeating and increased bodyweight. Cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger are three dimensions of human eating behavior that appear to be important to understanding weight loss maintenance. Individuals who attempt to maintain their bodyweight via dietary restraint mechanisms are more susceptible to excessive eating episodes. Disinhibition has been found to be the strongest predictor of weight gain, while the research on the association between hunger and bodyweight is mixed. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between dichotomous thinking toward food and various eating behaviors (binge eating, cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger). A multiple regression analysis revealed that binge eating, cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were each significant unique predictors of higher body mass index (BMI). Higher levels of hunger predicted lower BMI, controlling for cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and binge eating. Mediation analyses revealed that dichotomous thinking mediated the relationships between binge eating and BMI, cognitive restraint and BMI, and disinhibition and BMI. Further analysis revealed that binge eating mediated the relationship between dichotomous thinking and BMI, indicating that thinking of food in black-and-white could lead to higher rates of binge eating, and the excess calorie consumption could lead to increased BMI. The study findings suggest that a strong focus should be made to promote a more flexible attitude toward food in an effort to improve weight loss maintenance in the population.
ContributorsLee, Sohee, 1989- (Author) / Robles-Sotelo, Elias (Thesis advisor) / Vargas, Perla (Committee member) / Hall, Deborah (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2018
Description
A Venn Diagram model has been proposed to assist athletes with self-monitoring daily changes in fluid intake by combining three of the simplest hydration markers: weight, urine color, and thirst (WUT). No study to date has examined relationships between WUT markers and urine hydration indices using a new, recently validated lavatory urine color (LUC) chart. Furthermore, this is the first study to investigate an adaptation of the WUT model for identifying low vs. high urine concentration, which is useful for athletes to determine whether they are drinking enough water on a daily basis. For five consecutive days, n=19 participants collected a first-morning urine sample before assessing body weight and thirst at home. The urine sample was later scored by each participant at the testing site after 3 mL was extracted to measure urine specific gravity (USG). Participants could score thirst as yes (1) or no (0), and urine color as darker than (1) or similar to/lighter than (0) when comparing their sample to the reference color on the LUC chart. The researchers calculated body weight change (%) from a predetermined baseline to score body weight as >-0.5% change (1) or <-0.5% change (0). Combined outcomes for the three assessments were assigned a score of 0, 1, 2, or 3 and categorized in the Venn Diagram. Scores of 0 or 1 suggest euhydration (USG <1.020) and scores of 2 or 3 suggest underhydration (USG >1.020).
Median USG was 1.021 (ranging 1.003-1.035). WUT outcomes for all cases were: 5% (score 3), 33% (score 2), 53% (score 1), and 9% (score 0). WUT score 3 had optimal accuracy (100%) and WUT score 2 had fair accuracy (67%) for identifying a high urine concentration, but only 38% of cases were scored in this way. Based on the assumption that scores 2+3 should have USG >1.020 and scores 0+1 should have USG <1.020, the total accuracy of the WUT model to correctly classify urine concentration was 60%. The results indicated that athletes can use this approach to identify high urine concentration by monitoring simple hydration markers, but misclassifications may occur up to 33%.
ContributorsWhitenack, Lauren (Author) / Wardenaar, Floris C (Thesis advisor) / Kavouras, Stavros A (Committee member) / Siegler, Jason C (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022