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- All Subjects: urine
- Creators: Boyer, Treavor H
- Creators: Kavouras, Stavros
Description
The goal of this research was to study the effect of dilution on ammonium and potassium removal from real hydrolyzed urine. The performance of two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, was studied and compared with the help of batch equilibrium experiments at four dilution levels: 100%, 10%, 1% and 0.1% (urine volume/total solution volume). Further, the sorption behavior of other exchangeable ions (sodium, calcium and magnesium) in clinoptilolite and chabazite was studied to improve the understanding of ion exchange stoichiometry. Ammonium and potassium removal were highest at undiluted level in samples treated with clinoptilolite. This is a key finding as it illustrates the benefit of urine source separation. Chabazite treated samples showed highest ammonium and potassium removal at undiluted level at lower doses. At higher doses, potassium removal was similar in undiluted and 10% urine solutions whereas ammonium removal was the highest in 10% urine solutions. In general, chabazite showed higher ammonium and potassium removal than clinoptilolite. The result showed that ion exchange was stoichiometric in solutions with higher urine volumes.
ContributorsRegmi, Urusha (Author) / Boyer, Treavor H (Thesis advisor) / Delgado, Anca G (Committee member) / Hamilton, Kerry (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2019
Description
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of improved hydration on endurance performance and mood in physically active adults. Participants (n = 72; age, 21.0 ± 3.0; 22.2% female) completed two two-mile run trials separated by exactly a week. Before each trial, participants provided a urine sample from the day before the run and a sample from the morning of the run. These samples were analyzed for urine osmolality (UOsm), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (Ucol). UOsm and USG levels determined if the participants were placed in either the euhydrated or underhydrated group after the first trial. Those assigned to the euhydrated group were instructed to maintain their current fluid intake levels and those in the underhydrated group were instructed to increase fluid intake levels before the second trial. However, results were grouped by if they improved or maintained their hydration or not. The subjects also completed a Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire before and after each trial to determine mood. Based on conditioning requirements for group assignment, 38% of subjects were classified as underhydrated. There were significant differences between the two trials for both subjects that improved and worsened their hydration in UOsm, USG, Ucol, and thirst (P < 0.05). The group with improved hydration ran -15 ± 67 sec faster in the second trial, while the group that worsened hydration ran 4 ± 26 sec slower in the second trial. When these differences were compared between the two groups with a t-test, there was a trend for statistical differences with a one-way t-test analysis (P = 0.06). When results were split by sex no statistically significant differences were observed (male: -10.8 ± 63.6 sec; female: -29.4 ± 94.8 sec; P > 0.05). Improved hydration did not result in statistically significant difference in TMD or any of the individual mood sub-scales for either group for both males and females (P > 0.05). In conclusion, increased fluid intake to optimize hydration status may affect endurance exercise in young, healthy adults in a two-mile run, but no effect was seen on mood.
ContributorsDoyle, Amanda Ann (Author) / Kavouras, Stavros (Thesis advisor) / Alexon, Christy (Committee member) / Wardenaar, Floris (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Global shortages of urea and unsustainable production of synthetic urea have caused concerns over the future of food production, automobile operation, and other processes. Urine is a waste product that could supplement synthetic urea production. This study utilizes polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes in a cross-flow orientation to selectively recover urea from fresh human urine. Urea permeation experiments were conducted to determine the effects of urea stabilization via pH adjustment and membrane type on the production of a pure urea product. Fouling mitigation experiments were then conducted to determine the efficacy of microfiltration (MF) pretreatment on the reduction of the membrane fouling layer. The results showed that the NF90 membrane had advantageous performance to the BW30 RO and NF270 membranes, permeating 76% of the urea while rejecting 68% of the conductivity. Urine stabilization via acetic acid or sodium hydroxide addition did not inhibit membrane performance, signifying the use of pH 5 as a suitable pretreatment condition. Real fresh urine had higher rejection of constituents for NF90, suggesting the reduction of flux across the membrane due to interactions with organic material. MF pretreatment reduced foulant thickness and permeate flux loss but did not change the speciation of microorganisms. Finally, different urea-based products, such as fertilizers, biocement, and synthetic polymers, were suggested to show the potential of urine-recovered urea to reduce costs. The results from this work show the efficacy of using polyamide RO and NF membranes to supplement unsustainable synthetic production of urea with sustainably sourced urea from a waste product, human urine.
ContributorsCrane, Lucas Christopher (Author) / Boyer, Treavor H (Thesis advisor) / Perreault, Francois (Committee member) / Westerhoff, Paul (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022