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Description
Background: Down syndrome is the leading genetic cause of intellectual disabilities. Executive function is an area that people with Down syndrome have a diminished capacity compared to those in the general population. In recent years it has been determined that acute and chronic exercise has a small but positive effect on measures of executive function in typically developed individuals. The effect has been recorded separately in both aerobic, high-rate passive and resistance exercises in adolescents with DS but has not been compared between exercise types in adults with DS. Methods: A randomized crossover study was utilized to determine the effect of resistance exercise, assisted cycling therapy, and no exercise on executive function and enjoyment in adults with Down syndrome. Resistance Training (RT)- participants completed a total of 16- repetitions of approximately 75% of a 1-RM in the leg press, chest press, seated row, and latissimus pulldown. ACT- participants completed 30-minutes of cycling at 35% above voluntary (e.g., self-selected pace) rate. No-Training (NT)- participants spent 35-minutes playing board games. Cognitive assessments were recorded pre- and post- intervention. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Survey was collected post-intervention. Statistics: The cognitive measures and Physical Activity Self-efficacy scale were analyzed using the delta scores (pre-post) in a Linear mixed models analyais. The main effect of sequence (A, B, C) and intervention (RT, ACT, NT), and visit were assessed. Significance level was set with α=0.05. If any differences were detected, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to determine differences. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale post scores were compared using a General Linear Model. Alpha was set at 0.05 with a Bonferroni post-hoc test to determine differences. A secondary analysis was conducted investigating the effect of participants that completed testing individually compared to those that completed the testing in a group setting. Results: There were no significant difference in the delta score of any of the measures. The secondary analysis also found no significant difference but showed a trend that those tested individually had opposite results than those tested in a group.
ContributorsArnold, Nathaniel (Author) / Ringenbach, Shannon (Thesis advisor) / Lee, Chong (Committee member) / Der Ananian, Cheryl (Committee member) / Holzapfel, Simon (Committee member) / Bosch, Pamela (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Why aren’t people with disabilities readily accepted into all aspects of the community and society? What are we missing out on?
Even though inclusion is a civil right, people with disabilities are commonly discriminated against and excluded in all different aspects of society. We as a community are not affording individuals with disabilities the opportunity to feel that they fully belong and have a purpose. Everyone deserves a chance to be understood and included, no matter the misconceptions or circumstances. The inclusion of people with disabilities affects all people. When we, as a community, readily accept and include individuals with disabilities, we all learn to value people’s differences and learn to see what each person has to offer.
For my creative project, I conducted a 4-week virtual speakers series on disability and inclusion. Over the course of four weeks in September 2022 I hosted a virtual speakers series with a new speaker each week focusing on different topics. Topics discussed included self-advocacy, research on inclusion and early childhood development, inclusive sports, and IEP advocacy and inclusive education.
My goal within this project and for society as a whole is for people with disabilities to be accepted and included without having to fight for it. People are afraid of what they don't know. If people with disabilities were more commonly included in the community, the fear would dissipate. People with disabilities would just be teammates, peers, and fellow employees. It would be a natural authentic everyday occurrence. I hope that society can work together to treat everyone the way they deserve to be treated.
ContributorsMaestretti, Tegan (Author) / Holzapfel, Simon (Thesis director) / Puruhito, Krista (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / College of Health Solutions (Contributor)
Created2022-12
Description
The relationship between ischemic preconditioning and performance measures in able-bodied athletic populations have been thoroughly studied within the literature and demonstrated significant performance improvements. However, there is currently only one human study investigating how IPC can impact performance measures in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI). The mechanism that influences these performance improvements is still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of IPC in this population on performance measures, muscular force, and neural contribution. This study utilized 4 participants who have experienced a SCI. The study design was a repeated-measures, cross-over model. It consisted of an IPC (220mmHg) and SHAM (20mmHg) condition in random order. Functional measures of skeletal muscle force and neural measures with surface electromyography were recorded. The performance measures were maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) of the forearm muscles and a time to task failure (TTF) handgrip test. Results: IPC did not improve performance output between both conditions in a TTF handgrip test (IPC: 25.295±10.371 mins; SHAM: 20.958±7.621 mins). IPC did not improve muscular force recorded as MVC (IPC: 571.38 241.83 N; SHAM: 543.32±210.89 N). IPC did not improve neural recruitment suggested in root mean square (RMS) values during the TTF handgrip test in both measured muscles, the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), (FCR RMS: p = 0.564; FCU RMS: p = 0.863). More data is need for statistical relevance and to determine if there is a relationship between IPC and performance in individuals who have experienced a SCI, and if neural contribution plays a role.
ContributorsKasofsky, Lexi (Author) / Siegler, Jason (Thesis advisor) / Williams, Candyce (Committee member) / Peterson, Daniel (Committee member) / Holzapfel, Simon (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022