Matching Items (24)
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- All Subjects: Neurosciences
- Creators: Rogalsky, Corianne
Description
A previous study demonstrated that learning to lift an object is context-based and that in the presence of both the memory and visual cues, the acquired sensorimotor memory to manipulate an object in one context interferes with the performance of the same task in presence of visual information about a different context (Fu et al, 2012).
The purpose of this study is to know whether the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a role in the sensorimotor memory. It was hypothesized that temporary disruption of the M1 following the learning to minimize a tilt using a ‘L’ shaped object would negatively affect the retention of sensorimotor memory and thus reduce interference between the memory acquired in one context and the visual cues to perform the same task in a different context.
Significant findings were shown in blocks 1, 2, and 4. In block 3, subjects displayed insignificant amount of learning. However, it cannot be concluded that there is full interference in block 3. Therefore, looked into 3 effects in statistical analysis: the main effects of the blocks, the main effects of the trials, and the effects of the blocks and trials combined. From the block effects, there is a p-value of 0.001, and from the trial effects, the p-value is less than 0.001. Both of these effects indicate that there is learning occurring. However, when looking at the blocks * trials effects, we see a p-value of 0.002 < 0.05 indicating significant interaction between sensorimotor memories. Based on the results that were found, there is a presence of interference in all the blocks but not enough to justify the use of TMS in order to reduce interference because there is a partial reduction of interference from the control experiment. It is evident that the time delay might be the issue between context switches. By reducing the time delay between block 2 and 3 from 10 minutes to 5 minutes, I will hope to see significant learning to occur from the first trial to the second trial.
The purpose of this study is to know whether the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a role in the sensorimotor memory. It was hypothesized that temporary disruption of the M1 following the learning to minimize a tilt using a ‘L’ shaped object would negatively affect the retention of sensorimotor memory and thus reduce interference between the memory acquired in one context and the visual cues to perform the same task in a different context.
Significant findings were shown in blocks 1, 2, and 4. In block 3, subjects displayed insignificant amount of learning. However, it cannot be concluded that there is full interference in block 3. Therefore, looked into 3 effects in statistical analysis: the main effects of the blocks, the main effects of the trials, and the effects of the blocks and trials combined. From the block effects, there is a p-value of 0.001, and from the trial effects, the p-value is less than 0.001. Both of these effects indicate that there is learning occurring. However, when looking at the blocks * trials effects, we see a p-value of 0.002 < 0.05 indicating significant interaction between sensorimotor memories. Based on the results that were found, there is a presence of interference in all the blocks but not enough to justify the use of TMS in order to reduce interference because there is a partial reduction of interference from the control experiment. It is evident that the time delay might be the issue between context switches. By reducing the time delay between block 2 and 3 from 10 minutes to 5 minutes, I will hope to see significant learning to occur from the first trial to the second trial.
ContributorsHasan, Salman Bashir (Author) / Santello, Marco (Thesis director) / Kleim, Jeffrey (Committee member) / Helms Tillery, Stephen (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / W. P. Carey School of Business (Contributor) / Harrington Bioengineering Program (Contributor)
Created2014-05
Description
The brain uses the somatosensory system to interact with the environment and control movements. Additionally, many movement disorders are associated with deficits in the somatosensory sensory system. Thus, understanding the somatosensory system is essential for developing treatments for movement disorders. Previous studies have extensively examined the role of the somatosensory system in controlling the lower and upper extremities; however, little is known about the contributions of the orofacial somatosensory system. The overall goal of this study was to determine factors that influence the sensitivity of the orofacial somatosensory system. To measure the somatosensory system's sensitivity, transcutaneous electrical current stimulation was applied to the skin overlaying the trigeminal nerve on the lower portion of the face. After applying stimulation, participants' sensitivity was determined through the detection of the electrical stimuli (i.e., perceptual threshold). The data analysis focused on the impact of (1) stimulation parameters, (2) electrode placement, and (3) motor tasks on the perceptual threshold. The results showed that, as expected, stimulation parameters (such as stimulation frequency and duration) influenced perceptual thresholds. However, electrode placement (left vs. right side of the face) and motor tasks (lip contraction vs. rest) did not influence perceptual thresholds. Overall, these findings have important implications for designing and developing therapeutic neuromodulation techniques based on trigeminal nerve stimulation.
ContributorsKhoury, Maya Elie (Author) / Daliri, Ayoub (Thesis advisor) / Patten, Jake (Committee member) / Liss, Julie (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Objective: Previous studies have observed that adults with dyslexia display a reduced N1 gating when exposed to repetitive stimuli. Robust gating is associated with the ability to recognize familiar stimuli and identify the stimuli that will need novel memory representations formed. This study investigates if the mismatch negativity component in electroencephalographic-produced Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) is affected as well by diminished memory forming in adults with dyslexia. Additionally, signal/ noise processing for auditory-based memory recollection and thus word learning is explored. Methods: Nineteen adults with dyslexia and 18 adult controls participated in a classic auditory oddball electroencephalographic experiment here referred to as DIFF, to indicate that the tones differed in frequency, while incorporating a decision-making task that signified participant tonal discrimination. Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitudes (AMPs) and latencies were collected from ERPs. Behavioral data consisting of reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of tone choice were documented.
Results: Group differences for accuracy and reaction time in the DIFF task were highly significant. The dyslexic group produced longer reaction times and with less accuracy than the control group. The Mismatch Negativity amplitude and latency collected did not differ significantly between groups, however, correlations to other variables obtained from similar studies consisting of the same participant group were observed. Linear regression models indicated predictions for accuracy and reaction time results based upon WID scores (Word Identification Test) and SWE scores (Sight Word Efficiency) respectfully.
Conclusions: Neural processing speed and the ability to form permanent memory representations of auditory sound bites for retrieval is dampened in dyslexic populations.
Significance: To better illuminate and understand the neural mechanisms of dyslexia, specifically auditory processing, with the goal of improving outcomes in individuals with dyslexia through more efficient therapy treatment options.
ContributorsAbrams, Gabrielle Renee (Author) / Peter, Beate (Thesis advisor) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Committee member) / Rao, Aparna (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the U.S., with up to 60% of strokescausing speech loss. Individuals with severe stroke, who require the most frequent, intense speech therapy, often cannot adhere to treatments due to high cost and low success rates. Therefore, the ability to make functionally significant changes in individuals with severe post- stroke aphasia remains a key challenge for the rehabilitation community. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Startle Adjuvant Rehabilitation Therapy (START), a tele-enabled, low- cost treatment, to improve quality of life and speech in individuals with severe-to-moderate stroke. START is the exposure to startling acoustic stimuli during practice of motor tasks in individuals with stroke. START increases the speed and intensity of practice in severely impaired post-stroke reaching, with START eliciting muscle activity 2-3 times higher than maximum voluntary contraction. Voluntary reaching distance, onset, and final accuracy increased after a session of START, suggesting a rehabilitative effect. However, START has not been evaluated during impaired speech. The objective of this study is to determine if impaired speech can be elicited by startling acoustic stimuli, and if three days of START training can enhance clinical measures of moderate to severe post-stroke aphasia and apraxia of speech. This dissertation evaluates START in 42 individuals with post-stroke speech impairment via telehealth in a Phase 0 clinical trial. Results suggest that impaired speech can be elicited by startling acoustic stimuli and that START benefits individuals with severe-to-moderate post-stroke impairments in both linguistic and motor speech domains. This fills an important gap in aphasia care, as many speech therapies remain ineffective and financially inaccessible for patients with severe deficits. START is effective, remotely delivered, and may likely serve as an affordable adjuvant to traditional therapy for those that have poor access to quality care.
ContributorsSwann, Zoe Elisabeth (Author) / Honeycutt, Claire F (Thesis advisor) / Daliri, Ayoub (Committee member) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Committee member) / Liss, Julie (Committee member) / Schaefer, Sydney (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
A current thrust in neurorehabilitation research involves exogenous neuromodulation of peripheral nerves to enhance neuroplasticity and maximize recovery of function. This dissertation presents the results of four experiments aimed at assessing the effects of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) and occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) on motor learning, which was behaviorally characterized using an upper extremity visuomotor adaptation paradigm. In Aim 1a, the effects of offline TNS using clinically tested frequencies (120 and 60 Hz) were characterized. Sixty-three participants (22.75±4.6 y/o), performed a visuomotor rotation task and received TNS before encountering rotation of hand visual feedback. In Aim 1b, TNS at 3 kHz, which has been shown to be more tolerable at higher current intensities, was evaluated in 42 additional subjects (23.4±4.6 y/o). Results indicated that 3 kHz stimulation accelerated learning while 60 Hz stimulation slowed learning, suggesting a frequency-dependent effect on learning. In Aim 2, the effect of online TNS using 120 and 60 Hz were characterized to determine if this protocol would deliver better outcomes. Sixty-three participants (23.2±3.9 y/o) received either TNS or sham concurrently with perturbed visual feedback. Results showed no significant differences among groups. However, a cross-study comparison of results obtained with 60 Hz offline TNS showed a statistically significant improvement in learning rates with online stimulation relative to offline, suggesting a timing-dependent effect on learning. In Aim 3, TNS and ONS were compared using the best protocol from previous aims (offline 3 kHz). Additionally, concurrent stimulation of both nerves was explored to look for potential synergistic effects. Eighty-four participants (22.9±3.2 y/o) were assigned to one of four groups: TNS, ONS, TNS+ONS, and sham. Visual inspection of learning curves revealed that the ONS group demonstrated the fastest learning among groups. However, statistical analyses did not confirm this observation. In addition, the TNS+ONS group appeared to learn faster than the sham and TNS groups but slower than the ONS only group, suggesting no synergistic effects using this protocol, as initially hypothesized.
The results provide new information on the potential use of TNS and ONS in neurorehabilitation and performance enhancement in the motor domain.
ContributorsArias, Diego (Author) / Buneo, Christopher (Thesis advisor) / Schaefer, Sydney (Committee member) / Helms-Tillery, Stephen (Committee member) / Santello, Marco (Committee member) / Kleim, Jeffrey (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Speech and music are traditionally thought to be primarily supported by different hemispheres. A growing body of evidence suggests that speech and music often rely on shared resources in bilateral brain networks, though the right and left hemispheres exhibit some domain-specific specialization. While there is ample research investigating speech deficits in individuals with right hemisphere lesions and amusia, fewer investigate amusia in individuals with left hemisphere lesions and aphasia. Many of the fronto-temporal-parietal regions in the left hemisphere commonly associated with speech processing and production are also implicated in bilateral music processing networks. The current study investigates the relationship between damage to specific regions of interest within these networks, and an individual’s ability to successfully match the pitch and rhythm of a presented melody. Twenty-seven participants with chronic-stroke lesions were given a melody repetition task to hum short novel piano melodies. Participants underwent structural MRI acquisition and were administered an extensive speech and cognitive battery. Pitch and rhythm scores were calculated by correlating participant responses and target piano notes. Production errors were calculated by counting trials with responses that don’t match the target melody’s note count. Overall, performance varied widely, and rhythm scores were significantly correlated. Working memory scores were significantly correlated with rhythm scores and production errors, but not pitch scores. Broca’s area lesions were not associated with significant differences in any of the melody repetition measures, while left Heschl’s gyrus lesions were associated with worse performance on pitch, rhythm, and production errors. Lower rhythm scores were associated with lesions including both the left anterior and posterior superior temporal gyrus, and in participants with damage to the left planum temporale. The other regions of interest were not consistently associated with poorer pitch scores or production errors. Although the present study does have limitations, the current study suggests lesions to left hemisphere regions thought to only affect speech also affect musical pitch and rhythm processing. Therefore, amusia should not be characterized solely as a right hemisphere disorder. Instead, musical abilities of individuals with left hemisphere stroke and aphasia should be characterized to better understand their deficits and mechanisms of impairment.
ContributorsWojtaszek, Mallory (Author) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Thesis advisor) / Daliri, Ayoub (Committee member) / Patten, Kristopher (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Autism shows a pronounced and replicable sex bias with approximately three-to-four males diagnosed for every one female. Sex-related biology is thought to play a role in the sex bias, such that female biology may be protective and/or male biology may increase vulnerability to autism in the context of similar genetic risk. Beyond etiology, sex-related biology has also been implicated in lifespan risk for health and psychiatric conditions that show common co-morbidity in autism. Thus, understanding how sex-related biology impacts autism etiology and progression has important implications for prognosis and treatment. Neuroimaging offers a powerful tool for in-vivo characterization of brain-based sex differences in autism, especially given emerging efforts to develop large, well-characterized longitudinal samples. To date, however, neuroimaging studies have shown mixed and inconsistent findings, which remain challenging to integrate in the broader literature context. In a recent systematic review of neuroimaging studies of typical sex differences, few to no replicable effects were found beyond brain size, suggesting the brain is not “sexually dimorphic.” Instead, it is argued that the brain is a “mosaic” of features from various sources, including masculine and feminine biological processes as well as individual genetics and environment. Thus, designing neuroimaging studies that are sensitive to brain-based sex differences in autism likely requires careful study design and analytical method selection. Through a series of studies, the overarching dissertation aim was to identify optimal methods for characterizing neuroimaging-based sex differences in autism and to test these methods in preliminary samples. Study 1 comprised a systematic review of studies examining neuroimaging-based sex differences in autism with the aim of identifying optimal study designs, neuroimaging modalities, and analytical methods. Study 2 focused on examining the sensitivity of a connectome-wide approach to identify functional connectivity hubs underlying sex-biased behavior associated with autism (e.g., camouflaging). Study 3 used a connectome-wide functional connectivity approach to characterize sex differences in longitudinal changes associated with autistic traits vs. categorical diagnosis. These studies suggest that optimizing study design and methods improves identification of biologically plausible and clinically meaningful brain sex differences in autism. The relevance of findings to etiology and prognosis are discussed.
ContributorsWalsh, Melissa (Author) / Braden, B. Blair (Thesis advisor) / Azuma, Tamiko (Committee member) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Repetitive practice of functional movement patterns during motor rehabilitation are known to drive learning (or relearning) of novel motor skills, but the learning process is highly variable between individuals such that responsiveness to task-specific training is often patient-specific. A number of neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods have been proposed to better predict a patient’s responsiveness to a given type or dose of motor therapy. However, these methods are often time- and resource-intensive, and yield results that are not readily interpretable by clinicians. In contrast, standardized visuospatial tests may offer a more feasible solution. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrate that a clinical paper-and-pencil test of visuospatial function may improve predictive models of motor skill learning in older adults and individuals with stroke pathology. To further our understanding of the neuroanatomical correlates underlying this behavioral relationship, I collected diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images from 19 nondemented older adults to determine if diffusion characteristics of white matter tracts explain shared variance in delayed visuospatial memory test scores and motor skill learning. Consistent with previous work, results indicated that the structural integrity of regions with the bilateral anterior thalamic radiations, corticospinal tracts, and superior longitudinal fasciculi are related to delayed visuospatial memory performance and one-week skill retention. Overall, results of this dissertation suggest that incorporating a clinical paper-and-pencil test of delayed visuospatial memory may prognose motor rehabilitation outcomes and support that personalized variables should be considered in standards of care. Moreover, regions within specific white matter tracts may underlie this behavioral relationship and future work should investigate these regions as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
ContributorsLingo VanGilder, Jennapher (Author) / Schaefer, Sydney Y (Thesis advisor) / Santello, Marco (Committee member) / Buneo, Christopher (Committee member) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Committee member) / Duff, Kevin (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Diffusion Tensor Imaging may be used to understand brain differences within PD. Within the last couple of decades there has been an explosion of learning and development in neuroimaging techniques. Today, it is possible to monitor and track where a brain is needing blood during a specific task without much delay such as when using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It is also possible to track and visualize where and at which orientation water molecules in the brain are moving like in Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Data on certain diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD) has grown considerably, and it is now known that people with PD can be assessed with cognitive tests in combination with neuroimaging to diagnose whether people with PD have cognitive decline in addition to any motor ability decline. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Modified Semantic Fluency Test (MSF) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) are the primary tools and are often combined with fMRI or DTI for diagnosing if people with PD also have a mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current thesis explored a group of cohort of PD patients and classified based on their MoCA, MSF, and Lexical Fluency (LF) scores. The results indicate specific brain differences in whether PD patients were low or high scorers on LF and MoCA scores. The current study’s findings adds to the existing literature that DTI may be more sensitive in detecting differences based on clinical scores.
ContributorsAndrade, Eric (Author) / Oforoi, Edward (Thesis advisor) / Zhou, Yi (Committee member) / Liss, Julie (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
The ability to detect and correct errors during and after speech production is essential for maintaining accuracy and avoiding disruption in communication. Thus, it is
crucial to understand the basic mechanisms underlying how the speech-motor system
evaluates different errors and correspondingly corrects them. This study aims to explore
the impact of three different features of errors, introduced by formant perturbations, on
corrective and adaptive responses: (1) magnitude of errors, (2) direction of errors, and (3)
extent of exposure to errors. Participants were asked to produce the vowel /ε/ in the
context of consonant-vowel-consonant words. Participant-specific formant perturbations
were applied for three magnitudes of 0.5, 1, 1.5 along the /ε-æ/ line in two directions of
simultaneous F1-F2 shift (i.e., shift in the ε-æ direction) and shift to outside the vowel
space. Perturbations were applied randomly in a compensation paradigm, so each
perturbed trial was preceded and succeeded by several unperturbed trials. It was observed
that (1) corrective and adaptive responses were larger for larger magnitude errors, (2)
corrective and adaptive responses were larger for errors in the /ε-æ/ direction, (3)
corrective and adaptive responses were generally in the /ε-ɪ/ direction regardless of
perturbation direction and magnitude, (4) corrective responses were larger for
perturbations in the earlier trials of the experiment.
ContributorsSreedhar, Anuradha Jyothi (Author) / Daliri, Ayoub (Thesis advisor) / Rogalsky, Corianne (Committee member) / Zhou, Yi (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2024