The United States’ War on Drugs declared in 1971 by President Richard Nixon and revamped by President Reagan in the 1980s has been an objectively failed initiative with origins based in racism and oppression. After exploring the repercussions of this endeavor for societies and individuals around the world, global researchers and policymakers have declared that the policies and institutions created to fight the battle have left devastation in their wake. Despite high economic and social costs, missed opportunities in public health and criminal justice sectors, and increasing limits on our personal freedoms, all the measures taken to eradicate drug abuse and trafficking have been unsuccessful. Not only that, but militarized police tactics, mass incarceration, and harsh penalties that stifle opportunities for rehabilitation, growth, and change disproportionately harm poor and minority communities. <br/>Because reform in U.S. drug policy is badly needed, the goals of America’s longest war need to be reevaluated, implications of the initiative reexamined, and alternative strategies reconsidered. Solutions must be propagated from a diverse spectrum of contributors and holistic understanding through scientific research, empirical evidence, innovation, public health, social wellbeing, and measurable outcomes. But before we can know where we should be headed, we need to appreciate how we got to where we are. This preliminary expository investigation will explore and outline the history of drug use and prohibition in the United States before the War on Drugs was officially declared. Through an examination of the different patterns of substance use, evolving civil tolerance of users, racially-charged anti-drug misinformation/propaganda campaigns, and increasingly restrictive drug control policies, a foundation for developing solutions and strengths-based strategies for drug reform will emerge.

This paper will discuss what psychological operations (PSYOP) and psychological warfare (PSYWAR) are, emphasizing the role they played in the Korean War on soldiers and POWs. It includes two dynamic, engaging personal narratives adding relevance and intrigue to the topic examined. Two types of psychological operations will be identified and discussed, the leaflet and radio broadcast. Three methods of psychological warfare in the form of bacteriological warfare allegations, brainwashing, and sleep deprivation are analyzed and the effects of these methods during wartime. All participating countries during the Korean war either used psychological operations and warfare on their enemies, or had it used on them. The key takeaway was increased understanding that PSYOP and PSYWAR are founded on truthfulness rather than falsehoods. The paper concludes with the results of the war on the players involved and the legacy of psychological operations, encompassing how it applies to our technologically advanced world today.