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- All Subjects: Electrical Engineering
- Genre: Masters Thesis
- Creators: Karady, George G.
Description
With the growing importance of underground power systems and the need for greater reliability of the power supply, cable monitoring and accurate fault location detection has become an increasingly important issue. The presence of inherent random fluctuations in power system signals can be used to extract valuable information about the condition of system equipment. One such component is the power cable, which is the primary focus of this research.
This thesis investigates a unique methodology that allows online monitoring of an underground power cable. The methodology analyzes conventional power signals in the frequency domain to monitor the condition of a power cable.
First, the proposed approach is analyzed theoretically with the help of mathematical computations. Frequency domain analysis techniques are then used to compute the power spectral density (PSD) of the system signals. The importance of inherent noise in the system, a key requirement of this methodology, is also explained. The behavior of resonant frequencies, which are unique to every system, are then analyzed under different system conditions with the help of mathematical expressions.
Another important aspect of this methodology is its ability to accurately estimate cable fault location. The process is online and hence does not require the system to be disconnected from the grid. A single line to ground fault case is considered and the trend followed by the resonant frequencies for different fault positions is observed.
The approach is initially explained using theoretical calculations followed by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The validity of this technique is proved by comparing the results obtained from theory and simulation to actual measurement data.
This thesis investigates a unique methodology that allows online monitoring of an underground power cable. The methodology analyzes conventional power signals in the frequency domain to monitor the condition of a power cable.
First, the proposed approach is analyzed theoretically with the help of mathematical computations. Frequency domain analysis techniques are then used to compute the power spectral density (PSD) of the system signals. The importance of inherent noise in the system, a key requirement of this methodology, is also explained. The behavior of resonant frequencies, which are unique to every system, are then analyzed under different system conditions with the help of mathematical expressions.
Another important aspect of this methodology is its ability to accurately estimate cable fault location. The process is online and hence does not require the system to be disconnected from the grid. A single line to ground fault case is considered and the trend followed by the resonant frequencies for different fault positions is observed.
The approach is initially explained using theoretical calculations followed by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The validity of this technique is proved by comparing the results obtained from theory and simulation to actual measurement data.
ContributorsGovindarajan, Sudarshan (Author) / Holbert, Keith E. (Thesis advisor) / Heydt, Gerald (Committee member) / Karady, George G. (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
The electromagnetic fields near power lines that may produce adverse effects on humans are of increasing interest in a variety of situations, thus making it worthwhile to develop general-purpose software that estimates both the electric and magnetic fields accurately. This study deals with the simulations of the electric and magnetic fields near high-voltage power lines for the triangular, horizontal and vertical conductor arrangements under both balanced and unbalanced conditions.
For all three conductor arrangements, the shapes of the electric field distribution curves are different with the vertical arrangement best for minimizing right of way consideration, while the shapes of the magnetic field distributions curves are similar. Except for the horizontal arrangement, the maximum electric field magnitudes with shield conductors are larger than those without shield conductors. Among the three different arrangements, the maximum field value of the vertical arrangement is most vulnerable to the unbalanced conditions.
For both the electric and magnetic fields, increasing the heights of phase conductors gradually results in diminishing return in terms of the field reduction. In this work, both the maximum electric field magnitudes and the maximum magnetic field magnitudes produced by 500 kV power lines at 1 m height from the ground are all within the permissible exposure levels for the general public. At last, the dynamic trajectories of both fields with time are simulated and interpreted, with each field represented by a vector rotating in a plane describing an ellipse, where the vector values can be compared to high-speed vector measurements.
For all three conductor arrangements, the shapes of the electric field distribution curves are different with the vertical arrangement best for minimizing right of way consideration, while the shapes of the magnetic field distributions curves are similar. Except for the horizontal arrangement, the maximum electric field magnitudes with shield conductors are larger than those without shield conductors. Among the three different arrangements, the maximum field value of the vertical arrangement is most vulnerable to the unbalanced conditions.
For both the electric and magnetic fields, increasing the heights of phase conductors gradually results in diminishing return in terms of the field reduction. In this work, both the maximum electric field magnitudes and the maximum magnetic field magnitudes produced by 500 kV power lines at 1 m height from the ground are all within the permissible exposure levels for the general public. At last, the dynamic trajectories of both fields with time are simulated and interpreted, with each field represented by a vector rotating in a plane describing an ellipse, where the vector values can be compared to high-speed vector measurements.
ContributorsXiao, Lei (Author) / Holbert, Keith E. (Thesis advisor) / Karady, George G. (Committee member) / Ayyanar, Raja (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2015
Description
The inherent intermittency in solar energy resources poses challenges to scheduling generation, transmission, and distribution systems. Energy storage devices are often used to mitigate variability in renewable asset generation and provide a mechanism to shift renewable power between periods of the day. In the absence of storage, however, time series forecasting techniques can be used to estimate future solar resource availability to improve the accuracy of solar generator scheduling. The knowledge of future solar availability helps scheduling solar generation at high-penetration levels, and assists with the selection and scheduling of spinning reserves. This study employs statistical techniques to improve the accuracy of solar resource forecasts that are in turn used to estimate solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. The first part of the study involves time series forecasting of the global horizontal irradiation (GHI) in Phoenix, Arizona using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models. A comparative study is completed for time series forecasting models developed with different time step resolutions, forecasting start time, forecasting time horizons, training data, and transformations for data measured at Phoenix, Arizona. Approximately 3,000 models were generated and evaluated across the entire study. One major finding is that forecasted values one day ahead are near repeats of the preceding day—due to the 24-hour seasonal differencing—indicating that use of statistical forecasting over multiple days creates a repeating pattern. Logarithmic transform data were found to perform poorly in nearly all cases relative to untransformed or square-root transform data when forecasting out to four days. Forecasts using a logarithmic transform followed a similar profile as the immediate day prior whereas forecasts using untransformed and square-root transform data had smoother daily solar profiles that better represented the average intraday profile. Error values were generally lower during mornings and evenings and higher during midday. Regarding one-day forecasting and shorter forecasting horizons, the logarithmic transformation performed better than untransformed data and square-root transformed data irrespective of forecast horizon for data resolutions of 1-hour, 30-minutes, and 15-minutes.
ContributorsSoundiah Regunathan Rajasekaran, Dhiwaakar Purusothaman (Author) / Johnson, Nathan G (Thesis advisor) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Ayyanar, Raja (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
Due to the increasing trend of electricity price for the future and the price reduction of solar electronics price led by the policy stimulus and the technological improvement, the residential distribution solar photovoltaic (PV) system’s market is prosperous. Excess energy can be sold back to the grid, however peak demand of a residential customer typically occurs in late afternoon/early evening when PV systems are not a productive. The solar PV system can provide residential customers sufficient energy during the daytime, even the exceeding energy can be sold back to the grid especially during the day with good sunlight, however, the peak demand of a regular family always appears during late afternoon and early evening which are not productive time for PV system. In this case, the PV customers only need the grid energy when other customers also need it the most. Because of the lower contribution of PV systems during times of peak demand, utilities are beginning to adjust rate structures to better align the bills paid by PV customers with the cost to the utility to serve those customers. Different rate structures include higher fixed charges, higher on-peak electricity prices, on-peak demand charges, or prices based on avoided costs. The demand charge and the on-peak energy charge significantly reduced the savings brought by the PV system. This will result in a longer the customer’s payback period. Eventually PV customers are not saving a lot in their electricity bill compare to those customers who do not own a PV system.
A battery system is a promising technology that can improve monthly bill savings since a battery can store the solar energy and the off-peak grid energy and release it later during the on-peak hours. Sponsored by Salt River Project (SRP), a smart home model consists 1.35 kW PV panels, a 7.76 kWh lithium-ion battery and an adjustable resistive load bank was built on the roof of Engineering Research Center (ERC) building. For analysis, data was scaled up by 6/1.35 times to simulate a real residential PV setup. The testing data had been continuously recorded for more than one year (Aug.2014 - Oct.2015) and a battery charging strategy was developed based on those data. The work of this thesis deals with the idea of this charging strategy and the economic benefits this charging strategy can bring to the PV customers. Part of this research work has been wrote into a conference paper which is accepted by IEEE PES General Meeting 2016. A new and larger system has been installed on the roof with 6 kW PV modules and 6 kW output integrated electronics. This project will go on and the method come up by this thesis will be tested.
A battery system is a promising technology that can improve monthly bill savings since a battery can store the solar energy and the off-peak grid energy and release it later during the on-peak hours. Sponsored by Salt River Project (SRP), a smart home model consists 1.35 kW PV panels, a 7.76 kWh lithium-ion battery and an adjustable resistive load bank was built on the roof of Engineering Research Center (ERC) building. For analysis, data was scaled up by 6/1.35 times to simulate a real residential PV setup. The testing data had been continuously recorded for more than one year (Aug.2014 - Oct.2015) and a battery charging strategy was developed based on those data. The work of this thesis deals with the idea of this charging strategy and the economic benefits this charging strategy can bring to the PV customers. Part of this research work has been wrote into a conference paper which is accepted by IEEE PES General Meeting 2016. A new and larger system has been installed on the roof with 6 kW PV modules and 6 kW output integrated electronics. This project will go on and the method come up by this thesis will be tested.
ContributorsWang, Xin'an (Author) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Smedley, Grant (Committee member) / Qin, Jiangchao (Committee member) / Ayyanar, Raja (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
In sub transmission systems, many more raptor deaths have been recorded near metal poles rather than wood poles. The metal pole, which is reliable in structure but also grounded, may increase the risk of electrocution when raptors perch on the insulator. This thesis focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the raptor guard to prevent both debilitating and lethal electrocutions to local wildlife in 69 kV sub transmission systems. First, the two-dimensional (2D) finite difference methods (FDM) were proposed to solve the Poisson and Laplace equations, which describe the electric field. Second, the verification of the FDM algorithm was made based on a parallel-plate capacitor model. Then, the potential and the electric field were simulated by the raptor-insulator model to evaluate the possibility of flashover and leakage current under various conceivable scenarios. Third, several dielectric performance experiments were implemented to gain insight into the physical property of the raptor guard developed by the Salt River Project (SRP) as an example. The proposed initial-tracking-voltage and time-to-track experiments tested the ability of the guard, which is designed to prevent the tracking phenomenon under a contaminated situation such as rain, fog, and snow. A data acquisition also collected the leakage current data for the comparison of maximum raptor tolerance. Furthermore, the puncture voltage of this guard material was performed by the dielectric breakdown voltage experiment in an oil-covered container. With the combination of the model simulation and the experiments in this research, the raptor guard was proven to be practical and beneficial in sub transmission system.
ContributorsShen, Zui (Author) / Gorur, Ravi (Thesis advisor) / Karady, George G. (Committee member) / Holbert, Keith E. (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
On-line dynamic security assessment (DSA) analysis has been developed and applied in several power dispatching control centers. Existing applications of DSA systems are limited by the assumption of the present system operating conditions and computational speeds. To overcome these obstacles, this research developed a novel two-stage DSA system to provide periodic security prediction in real time. The major contribution of this research is to develop an open source on-line DSA system incorporated with Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data and forecast load. The pre-fault prediction of the system can provide more accurate assessment of the system and minimize the disadvantage of a low computational speed of time domain simulation.
This Thesis describes the development of the novel two-stage on-line DSA scheme using phasor measurement and load forecasting data. The computational scheme of the new system determines the steady state stability and identifies endangerments in a small time frame near real time. The new on-line DSA system will periodically examine system status and predict system endangerments in the near future every 30 minutes. System real-time operating conditions will be determined by state estimation using phasor measurement data. The assessment of transient stability is carried out by running the time-domain simulation using a forecast working point as the initial condition. The forecast operating point is calculated by DC optimal power flow based on forecast load.
This Thesis describes the development of the novel two-stage on-line DSA scheme using phasor measurement and load forecasting data. The computational scheme of the new system determines the steady state stability and identifies endangerments in a small time frame near real time. The new on-line DSA system will periodically examine system status and predict system endangerments in the near future every 30 minutes. System real-time operating conditions will be determined by state estimation using phasor measurement data. The assessment of transient stability is carried out by running the time-domain simulation using a forecast working point as the initial condition. The forecast operating point is calculated by DC optimal power flow based on forecast load.
ContributorsWang, Qiushi (Author) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Pal, Anamitra (Committee member) / Holbert, Keith E. (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
The presence of distributed generation in high renewable energy penetration system increases the complexity for fault detection as the power flow is bidirectional. The conventional protection scheme is not sufficient for the bidirectional power flow system, hence a fast and accurate protection scheme needs to be developed.
This thesis mainly deals with the design and validation of the protection system based on the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system, which is a bidirectional power flow loop system. The Large-Scale System Simulation (LSSS) is a system level PSCAD model which is used to validate component models for different time-scale platforms to provide a virtual testing platform for the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system. It is also used to validate the cases of power system protection, renewable energy integration and storage, and load profiles. The protection of the FREEDM system against any abnormal condition is one of the important tasks. Therefore, the pilot directional protection scheme based on wireless communication is used in this thesis. The use of wireless communication is extended to protect the large scale meshed distributed generation from any fault. The complete protection system consists of the main protection and the back-up protection which are both presented in the thesis. The validation of the protection system is performed on a radial system test bed using commercial relays at the ASU power laboratory, and on the RTDS platform (Real Time Digital Power System) in CAPS (Center for Advanced Power System) Florida. Considering that the commercial relays have limitations of high cost and communicating with fault isolation devices, a hardware prototype using the interface between the ADC (analog to digital converter) and MATLAB software is developed, which takes advantage of economic efficiency and communication compatibility. Part of this research work has been written into a conference paper which was presented by IEEE Green Tech Meeting, 2017.
This thesis mainly deals with the design and validation of the protection system based on the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system, which is a bidirectional power flow loop system. The Large-Scale System Simulation (LSSS) is a system level PSCAD model which is used to validate component models for different time-scale platforms to provide a virtual testing platform for the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system. It is also used to validate the cases of power system protection, renewable energy integration and storage, and load profiles. The protection of the FREEDM system against any abnormal condition is one of the important tasks. Therefore, the pilot directional protection scheme based on wireless communication is used in this thesis. The use of wireless communication is extended to protect the large scale meshed distributed generation from any fault. The complete protection system consists of the main protection and the back-up protection which are both presented in the thesis. The validation of the protection system is performed on a radial system test bed using commercial relays at the ASU power laboratory, and on the RTDS platform (Real Time Digital Power System) in CAPS (Center for Advanced Power System) Florida. Considering that the commercial relays have limitations of high cost and communicating with fault isolation devices, a hardware prototype using the interface between the ADC (analog to digital converter) and MATLAB software is developed, which takes advantage of economic efficiency and communication compatibility. Part of this research work has been written into a conference paper which was presented by IEEE Green Tech Meeting, 2017.
ContributorsTang, Zhenming (Author) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Holbert, Keith E. (Committee member) / Qin, Jiangchao (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
With the penetration of distributed renewable energy and the development of
semiconductor technology, power electronic devices could be utilized to interface re-
newable energy generation and the distribution power grid. However, when directly
connected to the power grid, the semiconductors inside the power electronic devices
could be vulnerable to the power system transient, especially to lightning strikes.
The work of this research focuses on the insulation coordination of power elec-
tronic devices connected directly to the power distribution system. The Solid State
Transformer (SST) in Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management
(FREEDM) system could be a good example for grid connected power electronic
devices. Simulations were conducted in Power Systems Computer Aided Design
(PSCAD) software. A simulation done to the FREEDM SST showed primary re-
sults which were then compare to simulation done to the grid-connected operating
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) to get more objective results.
Based on the simulation results, voltage surges caused by lightning strikes could
result in damage on the grid-connected electronic devices. Placing Metal Oxide Surge
Arresers (MOSA, also known as Metal Oxide Surge Varistor, MOV) at the front lter
could provide eective protection for those devices from power transient. Part of this
research work was published as a conference paper and was presented at CIGRE US
National Conference: Grid of the Future Symposium [1] and North American Power
Symposium [2].
semiconductor technology, power electronic devices could be utilized to interface re-
newable energy generation and the distribution power grid. However, when directly
connected to the power grid, the semiconductors inside the power electronic devices
could be vulnerable to the power system transient, especially to lightning strikes.
The work of this research focuses on the insulation coordination of power elec-
tronic devices connected directly to the power distribution system. The Solid State
Transformer (SST) in Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management
(FREEDM) system could be a good example for grid connected power electronic
devices. Simulations were conducted in Power Systems Computer Aided Design
(PSCAD) software. A simulation done to the FREEDM SST showed primary re-
sults which were then compare to simulation done to the grid-connected operating
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) to get more objective results.
Based on the simulation results, voltage surges caused by lightning strikes could
result in damage on the grid-connected electronic devices. Placing Metal Oxide Surge
Arresers (MOSA, also known as Metal Oxide Surge Varistor, MOV) at the front lter
could provide eective protection for those devices from power transient. Part of this
research work was published as a conference paper and was presented at CIGRE US
National Conference: Grid of the Future Symposium [1] and North American Power
Symposium [2].
ContributorsRong, Xuening (Author) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Heydt, Gerald T (Committee member) / Ayyanar, Raja (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
The U.S. Navy is interested in evaluating the dielectric performance of SF6 at 30 kHz in order to develop optimal bushing designs and to ensure reliable operation for the Very Low Frequency/ Low Frequency (VLF/LF) transmitting stations. The breakdown experiments of compressed SF6 at 30 kHz in the pressure range of 1-5 atm were conducted in both the uniform field (plane-plane gap) and the non-uniform field (rod-plane gap). To understand the impact of pressure on the breakdown voltage of SF6 at VLF/LF, empirical models of the dielectric strength of SF6 were derived based on the experimental data and regression analysis. The pressure correction factors that present the correlation between the breakdown voltage of SF6 at VLF/LF and that of air at 50/60 Hz were calculated. These empirical models provide an effective way to use the extensively documented breakdown voltage data of air at 60 Hz to evaluate the dielectric performance of SF6 for the design of VLF/LF high voltage equipment. In addition, several breakdown experiments and similar regression analysis of air at 30 kHz were conducted as well. A ratio of the breakdown voltage of SF6 to that of air at VLF/LF was calculated, from which a significant difference between the uniform gap and the non-uniform gap was observed. All the models and values provide useful information to evaluate and predict the performance of the bushings in practice.
ContributorsHan, Jian (Author) / Gorur, Ravi S (Thesis advisor) / Farmer, Richard G (Committee member) / Karady, George G. (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2010
Description
Electric substation physical plans are developed with consideration given to lightning protection. To develop these plans utility design engineers use various methods. This thesis focuses on developing a computer program for two methods/models for substation shielding against direct lightning strokes. The first method is being used currently in the industry to protect the substation structures. The second model is a new and more physics based approach towards lightning phenomenon. Both the methods consider only direct lightning strikes that can hit the substation equipment. Hence, the travelling waves, indirect strokes or over-voltage arriving at the substation equipment are not considered. The Electro-Geometric method (EGM) based Rolling Sphere Method (RSM) is used to develop first part of the program. The aim of the program is to design the protection system for the substation equipment quickly and error free. The protection system uses lightning masts and/or shield wires to protect the station equipment. These are grounded solidly with low impedance to earth. The MATLAB based program gives a two dimensional visual representation of the zone of protection and therefore helps utility engineers to position shielding system. As this program is converted further into an executable file, it can be used on any computer to produce the results without need of any other software. The second part of the thesis focuses on developing the MATLAB code for protection of substation equipment using the Rizk model which is not used as of now for shielding system design in industry. Using more physics based model, simulation of downward lightning leader and connecting upward leader is shown.
Finally both the methods are compared. This includes consideration of a 220 kV substation layout arrangement. The equipment are protected using shielding masts and the comparison is made in terms of number of the protective equipment needed. It is found that the classical rolling sphere model gives more conservative results than the physics based model. Hence the results shows that it is possible to use present methods and still protect the equipment sufficiently.
Finally both the methods are compared. This includes consideration of a 220 kV substation layout arrangement. The equipment are protected using shielding masts and the comparison is made in terms of number of the protective equipment needed. It is found that the classical rolling sphere model gives more conservative results than the physics based model. Hence the results shows that it is possible to use present methods and still protect the equipment sufficiently.
ContributorsMarathe, Vinit (Author) / Karady, George G. (Thesis advisor) / Ayyanar, Raja (Committee member) / Holbert, Keith E. (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016