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Description
Video capture, storage, and distribution in wireless video sensor networks
(WVSNs) critically depends on the resources of the nodes forming the sensor
networks. In the era of big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and distributed
demand and solutions, there is a need for multi-dimensional data to be part of
the Sensor Network data that is easily accessible and consumable by humanity as
well as machinery. Images and video are expected to become as ubiquitous as is
the scalar data in traditional sensor networks. The inception of video-streaming
over the Internet, heralded a relentless research for effective ways of
distributing video in a scalable and cost effective way. There has been novel
implementation attempts across several network layers. Due to the inherent
complications of backward compatibility and need for standardization across
network layers, there has been a refocused attention to address most of the
video distribution over the application layer. As a result, a few video
streaming solutions over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) have been
proposed. Most notable are Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and the Motion
Picture Experts Groups Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH). These
frameworks, do not address the typical and future WVSN use cases. A highly
flexible Wireless Video Sensor Network Platform and compatible DASH (WVSNP-DASH)
are introduced. The platform's goal is to usher video as a data element that
can be integrated into traditional and non-Internet networks. A low cost,
scalable node is built from the ground up to be fully compatible with the
Internet of Things Machine to Machine (M2M) concept, as well as the ability to
be easily re-targeted to new applications in a short time. Flexi-WVSNP design
includes a multi-radio node, a middle-ware for sensor operation and
communication, a cross platform client facing data retriever/player framework,
scalable security as well as a cohesive but decoupled hardware and software
design.
(WVSNs) critically depends on the resources of the nodes forming the sensor
networks. In the era of big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and distributed
demand and solutions, there is a need for multi-dimensional data to be part of
the Sensor Network data that is easily accessible and consumable by humanity as
well as machinery. Images and video are expected to become as ubiquitous as is
the scalar data in traditional sensor networks. The inception of video-streaming
over the Internet, heralded a relentless research for effective ways of
distributing video in a scalable and cost effective way. There has been novel
implementation attempts across several network layers. Due to the inherent
complications of backward compatibility and need for standardization across
network layers, there has been a refocused attention to address most of the
video distribution over the application layer. As a result, a few video
streaming solutions over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) have been
proposed. Most notable are Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and the Motion
Picture Experts Groups Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH). These
frameworks, do not address the typical and future WVSN use cases. A highly
flexible Wireless Video Sensor Network Platform and compatible DASH (WVSNP-DASH)
are introduced. The platform's goal is to usher video as a data element that
can be integrated into traditional and non-Internet networks. A low cost,
scalable node is built from the ground up to be fully compatible with the
Internet of Things Machine to Machine (M2M) concept, as well as the ability to
be easily re-targeted to new applications in a short time. Flexi-WVSNP design
includes a multi-radio node, a middle-ware for sensor operation and
communication, a cross platform client facing data retriever/player framework,
scalable security as well as a cohesive but decoupled hardware and software
design.
ContributorsSeema, Adolph (Author) / Reisslein, Martin (Thesis advisor) / Kitchen, Jennifer (Committee member) / Seeling, Patrick (Committee member) / Zhang, Yanchao (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
Flexibility, reconfigurability and wearability technologies for antenna designs are presented, investigated and merged in this work. Prior to the design of these radiating elements, a study is conducted on several flexible substrates and how to fabricate flexible devices. Furthermore, the integration of active devices into the flexible substrates is also investigated. A new approach of designing inkjet-printed flexible reconfigurable antennas, based on the concept of printed slot elements, is proposed. An alternate technique to reconfigure the folded slot antenna is also reported. The proposed radiator works for both Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The flexible reconfigurable antenna is also redesigned to resonate at both (2.4/5.2 GHz) for WLAN devices and its Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration is reported. Two orthogonal elements are used to form the MIMO antenna system for better isolation.
The wearability of the proposed flexible reconfigurable radiator is also discussed. Since wearable antennas operate close to the human body, which is considered as a lossy tissue, an isolation between the radiating elements and human body is required to improve the radiation characteristics and to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The proposed antenna is redesigned on an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) surface that also functions as a ground plane to isolate the radiator from the human body. To examine its performance as a body-worn device, it is measured at different positions on the human body. Furthermore, simulations show that the SAR level is reduced when using the AMC surface. The proposed wearable antenna works for both Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and WiMAX body-worn wireless devices.
Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures are used to suppress surface wave propagation in printed antennas. However, due to the presence of vias, not all of them can be utilized in flexible radiators. Thus, a Perforated High Impedance Surface (PHIS) is proposed which suppresses the surface waves without the need of vias, and it also serves as a ground plane for flexible antennas. The surface wave suppression and the antenna applications of the proposed PHIS surface are discussed.
The wearability of the proposed flexible reconfigurable radiator is also discussed. Since wearable antennas operate close to the human body, which is considered as a lossy tissue, an isolation between the radiating elements and human body is required to improve the radiation characteristics and to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The proposed antenna is redesigned on an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) surface that also functions as a ground plane to isolate the radiator from the human body. To examine its performance as a body-worn device, it is measured at different positions on the human body. Furthermore, simulations show that the SAR level is reduced when using the AMC surface. The proposed wearable antenna works for both Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and WiMAX body-worn wireless devices.
Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures are used to suppress surface wave propagation in printed antennas. However, due to the presence of vias, not all of them can be utilized in flexible radiators. Thus, a Perforated High Impedance Surface (PHIS) is proposed which suppresses the surface waves without the need of vias, and it also serves as a ground plane for flexible antennas. The surface wave suppression and the antenna applications of the proposed PHIS surface are discussed.
ContributorsSaeed, Saud (Author) / Balanis, Constantine A. (Thesis advisor) / Palais, Joseph C. (Committee member) / Aberle, James T. (Committee member) / Reisslein, Martin (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a more pervasive part of everyday life. IoT networks such as wireless sensor networks, depend greatly on the limiting unnecessary power consumption. As such, providing low-power, adaptable software can greatly improve network design. For streaming live video content, Wireless Video Sensor Network Platform compatible Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (WVSNP-DASH) aims to revolutionize wireless segmented video streaming by providing a low-power, adaptable framework to compete with modern DASH players such as Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG-DASH) and Apple’s Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Live Streaming (HLS). Each segment is independently playable, and does not depend on a manifest file, resulting in greatly improved power performance. My work was to show that WVSNP-DASH is capable of further power savings at the level of the wireless sensor node itself if a native capture program is implemented at the camera sensor node. I created a native capture program in the C language that fulfills the name-based segmentation requirements of WVSNP-DASH. I present this program with intent to measure its power consumption on a hardware test-bed in future. To my knowledge, this is the first program to generate WVSNP-DASH playable video segments. The results show that our program could be utilized by WVSNP-DASH, but there are issues with the efficiency, so provided are an additional outline for further improvements.
ContributorsKhan, Zarah (Author) / Reisslein, Martin (Thesis advisor) / Seema, Adolph (Committee member) / Papandreou-Suppappola, Antonia (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2018
Description
This thesis investigates three different resource allocation problems, aiming to achieve two common goals: i) adaptivity to a fast-changing environment, ii) distribution of the computation tasks to achieve a favorable solution. The motivation for this work relies on the modern-era proliferation of sensors and devices, in the Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) layer of the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. To avoid congestion and enable low-latency services, limits have to be imposed on the amount of decisions that can be centralized (i.e. solved in the ``cloud") and/or amount of control information that devices can exchange. This has been the motivation to develop i) a lightweight PHY Layer protocol for time synchronization and scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), ii) an adaptive receiver that enables Sub-Nyquist sampling, for efficient spectrum sensing at high frequencies, and iii) an SDN-scheme for resource-sharing across different technologies and operators, to harmoniously and holistically respond to fluctuations in demands at the eNodeB' s layer.
The proposed solution for time synchronization and scheduling is a new protocol, called PulseSS, which is completely event-driven and is inspired by biological networks. The results on convergence and accuracy for locally connected networks, presented in this thesis, constitute the theoretical foundation for the protocol in terms of performance guarantee. The derived limits provided guidelines for ad-hoc solutions in the actual implementation of the protocol.
The proposed receiver for Compressive Spectrum Sensing (CSS) aims at tackling the noise folding phenomenon, e.g., the accumulation of noise from different sub-bands that are folded, prior to sampling and baseband processing, when an analog front-end aliasing mixer is utilized.
The sensing phase design has been conducted via a utility maximization approach, thus the scheme derived has been called Cognitive Utility Maximization Multiple Access (CUMMA).
The framework described in the last part of the thesis is inspired by stochastic network optimization tools and dynamics.
While convergence of the proposed approach remains an open problem, the numerical results here presented suggest the capability of the algorithm to handle traffic fluctuations across operators, while respecting different time and economic constraints.
The scheme has been named Decomposition of Infrastructure-based Dynamic Resource Allocation (DIDRA).
The proposed solution for time synchronization and scheduling is a new protocol, called PulseSS, which is completely event-driven and is inspired by biological networks. The results on convergence and accuracy for locally connected networks, presented in this thesis, constitute the theoretical foundation for the protocol in terms of performance guarantee. The derived limits provided guidelines for ad-hoc solutions in the actual implementation of the protocol.
The proposed receiver for Compressive Spectrum Sensing (CSS) aims at tackling the noise folding phenomenon, e.g., the accumulation of noise from different sub-bands that are folded, prior to sampling and baseband processing, when an analog front-end aliasing mixer is utilized.
The sensing phase design has been conducted via a utility maximization approach, thus the scheme derived has been called Cognitive Utility Maximization Multiple Access (CUMMA).
The framework described in the last part of the thesis is inspired by stochastic network optimization tools and dynamics.
While convergence of the proposed approach remains an open problem, the numerical results here presented suggest the capability of the algorithm to handle traffic fluctuations across operators, while respecting different time and economic constraints.
The scheme has been named Decomposition of Infrastructure-based Dynamic Resource Allocation (DIDRA).
ContributorsFerrari, Lorenzo (Author) / Scaglione, Anna (Thesis advisor) / Bliss, Daniel (Committee member) / Ying, Lei (Committee member) / Reisslein, Martin (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
Description
The upstream transmission of bulk data files in Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) arises from a number of applications, such as data back-up and multimedia file upload. Existing upstream transmission approaches lead to severe delays for conventional packet traffic when best-effort file and packet traffic are mixed. I propose and evaluate an exclusive interval for bulk transfer (EIBT) transmission strategy that reserves an EIBT for file traffic in an EPON polling cycle. I optimize the duration of the EIBT to minimize a weighted sum of packet and file delays. Through mathematical delay analysis and verifying simulation, it is demonstrated that the EIBT approach preserves small delays for packet traffic while efficiently serving bulk data file transfers. Dynamic circuits are well suited for applications that require predictable service with a constant bit rate for a prescribed period of time, such as demanding e-science applications. Past research on upstream transmission in passive optical networks (PONs) has mainly considered packet-switched traffic and has focused on optimizing packet-level performance metrics, such as reducing mean delay. This study proposes and evaluates a dynamic circuit and packet PON (DyCaPPON) that provides dynamic circuits along with packet-switched service. DyCaPPON provides (i) flexible packet-switched service through dynamic bandwidth allocation in periodic polling cycles, and (ii) consistent circuit service by allocating each active circuit a fixed-duration upstream transmission window during each fixed-duration polling cycle. I analyze circuit-level performance metrics, including the blocking probability of dynamic circuit requests in DyCaPPON through a stochastic knapsack-based analysis. Through this analysis I also determine the bandwidth occupied by admitted circuits. The remaining bandwidth is available for packet traffic and I analyze the resulting mean delay of packet traffic. Through extensive numerical evaluations and verifying simulations, the circuit blocking and packet delay trade-offs in DyCaPPON is demonstrated. An extended version of the DyCaPPON designed for light traffic situation is introduced in this article as well.
ContributorsWei, Xing (Author) / Reisslein, Martin (Thesis advisor) / Fowler, John (Committee member) / Palais, Joseph (Committee member) / McGarry, Michael (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2014
Description
The integration of passive optical networks (PONs) and wireless mesh networks (WMNs) into Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks has recently emerged as a promising strategy for
providing flexible network services at relative high transmission rates. This work investigates the effectiveness of localized routing that prioritizes transmissions over the local gateway to the optical network and avoids wireless packet transmissions in radio zones that do not contain the packet source or destination. Existing routing schemes for FiWi networks consider mainly hop-count and delay metrics over a flat WMN node topology and do not specifically prioritize the local network structure. The combination of clustered and localized routing (CluLoR) performs better in terms of throughput-delay compared to routing schemes that are based on minimum hop-count which do not consider traffic localization. Subsequently, this work also investigates the packet delays when relatively low-rate traffic that has traversed a wireless network is mixed with conventional high-rate PON-only traffic. A range of different FiWi network architectures with different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanisms is considered. The grouping of the optical network units (ONUs) in the double-phase polling (DPP) DBA mechanism in long-range (order of 100~Km) FiWi networks is closely examined, and a novel grouping by cycle length (GCL) strategy that achieves favorable packet delay performance is introduced. At the end, this work proposes a novel backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations (e.g., LTE eNBs) and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateway (S/P-GW). The Sm-GW accommodates flexible number of small cells while reducing the infrastructure requirements at the S-GW of LTE backhaul. In contrast to existing methods, the proposed Sm-GW incorporates the scheduling mechanisms to achieve the network fairness while sharing the resources among all the connected small cells base stations.
providing flexible network services at relative high transmission rates. This work investigates the effectiveness of localized routing that prioritizes transmissions over the local gateway to the optical network and avoids wireless packet transmissions in radio zones that do not contain the packet source or destination. Existing routing schemes for FiWi networks consider mainly hop-count and delay metrics over a flat WMN node topology and do not specifically prioritize the local network structure. The combination of clustered and localized routing (CluLoR) performs better in terms of throughput-delay compared to routing schemes that are based on minimum hop-count which do not consider traffic localization. Subsequently, this work also investigates the packet delays when relatively low-rate traffic that has traversed a wireless network is mixed with conventional high-rate PON-only traffic. A range of different FiWi network architectures with different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanisms is considered. The grouping of the optical network units (ONUs) in the double-phase polling (DPP) DBA mechanism in long-range (order of 100~Km) FiWi networks is closely examined, and a novel grouping by cycle length (GCL) strategy that achieves favorable packet delay performance is introduced. At the end, this work proposes a novel backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations (e.g., LTE eNBs) and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateway (S/P-GW). The Sm-GW accommodates flexible number of small cells while reducing the infrastructure requirements at the S-GW of LTE backhaul. In contrast to existing methods, the proposed Sm-GW incorporates the scheduling mechanisms to achieve the network fairness while sharing the resources among all the connected small cells base stations.
ContributorsDashti, Yousef (Author) / Reisslein, Martin (Thesis advisor) / Zhang, Yanchao (Committee member) / Fowler, John (Committee member) / Seeling, Patrick (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
There has been a lot of work on the characterization of capacity and achievable rate regions, and rate region outer-bounds for various multi-user channels of interest. Parallel to the developed information theoretic results, practical codes have also been designed for some multi-user channels such as multiple access channels, broadcast channels and relay channels; however, interference channels have not received much attention and only a limited amount of work has been conducted on them. With this motivation, in this dissertation, design of practical and implementable channel codes is studied focusing on multi-user channels with special emphasis on interference channels; in particular, irregular low-density-parity-check codes are exploited for a variety of cases and trellis based codes for short block length designs are performed.
Novel code design approaches are first studied for the two-user Gaussian multiple access channel. Exploiting Gaussian mixture approximation, new methods are proposed wherein the optimized codes are shown to improve upon the available designs and off-the-shelf point-to-point codes applied to the multiple access channel scenario. The code design is then examined for the two-user Gaussian interference channel implementing the Han-Kobayashi encoding and decoding strategy. Compared with the point-to-point codes, the newly designed codes consistently offer better performance. Parallel to this work, code design is explored for the discrete memoryless interference channels wherein the channel inputs and outputs are taken from a finite alphabet and it is demonstrated that the designed codes are superior to the single user codes used with time sharing. Finally, the code design principles are also investigated for the two-user Gaussian interference channel employing trellis-based codes with short block lengths for the case of strong and mixed interference levels.
Novel code design approaches are first studied for the two-user Gaussian multiple access channel. Exploiting Gaussian mixture approximation, new methods are proposed wherein the optimized codes are shown to improve upon the available designs and off-the-shelf point-to-point codes applied to the multiple access channel scenario. The code design is then examined for the two-user Gaussian interference channel implementing the Han-Kobayashi encoding and decoding strategy. Compared with the point-to-point codes, the newly designed codes consistently offer better performance. Parallel to this work, code design is explored for the discrete memoryless interference channels wherein the channel inputs and outputs are taken from a finite alphabet and it is demonstrated that the designed codes are superior to the single user codes used with time sharing. Finally, the code design principles are also investigated for the two-user Gaussian interference channel employing trellis-based codes with short block lengths for the case of strong and mixed interference levels.
ContributorsSharifi, Shahrouz (Author) / Duman, Tolga M. (Thesis advisor) / Zhang, Junshan (Committee member) / Tepedelenlioğlu, Cihan (Committee member) / Reisslein, Martin (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2015