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Description
Lossy compression is a form of compression that slightly degrades a signal in ways that are ideally not detectable to the human ear. This is opposite to lossless compression, in which the sample is not degraded at all. While lossless compression may seem like the best option, lossy compression, which is used in most audio and video, reduces transmission time and results in much smaller file sizes. However, this compression can affect quality if it goes too far. The more compression there is on a waveform, the more degradation there is, and once a file is lossy compressed, this process is not reversible. This project will observe the degradation of an audio signal after the application of Singular Value Decomposition compression, a lossy compression that eliminates singular values from a signal’s matrix.
ContributorsHirte, Amanda (Author) / Kosut, Oliver (Thesis director) / Bliss, Daniel (Committee member) / Electrical Engineering Program (Contributor, Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2021-05
Description
The world of a hearing impaired person is much different than that of somebody capable of discerning different frequencies and magnitudes of sound waves via their ears. This is especially true when hearing impaired people play video games. In most video games, surround sound is fed through some sort of digital output to headphones or speakers. Based on this information, the gamer can discern where a particular stimulus is coming from and whether or not that is a threat to their wellbeing within the virtual world. People with reliable hearing have a distinct advantage over hearing impaired people in the fact that they can gather information not just from what is in front of them, but from every angle relative to the way they're facing. The purpose of this project was to find a way to even the playing field, so that a person hard of hearing could also receive the sensory feedback that any other person would get while playing video games To do this, visual surround sound was created. This is a system that takes a surround sound input, and illuminates LEDs around the periphery of glasses based on the direction, frequency and amplitude of the audio wave. This provides the user with crucial information on the whereabouts of different elements within the game. In this paper, the research and development of Visual Surround Sound is discussed along with its viability in regards to a deaf person's ability to learn the technology, and decipher the visual cues.
ContributorsKadi, Danyal (Co-author) / Burrell, Nathaneal (Co-author) / Butler, Kristi (Co-author) / Wright, Gavin (Co-author) / Kosut, Oliver (Thesis director) / Bliss, Daniel (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Electrical Engineering Program (Contributor)
Created2015-05
Description
As the field of machine learning increasingly provides real value to power system operations, the availability of rich measurement datasets has become crucial for the development of new applications and technologies. This dissertation focuses on the use of time-series load data for the design of novel data-driven algorithms. Loads are one of the main factors driving the behavior of a power system and they depend on external phenomena which are not captured by traditional simulation tools. Thus, accurate models that capture the fundamental characteristics of time-series load dataare necessary.
In the first part of this dissertation, an example of successful application of machine learning algorithms that leverage load data is presented. Prior work has shown that power systems energy management systems are vulnerable to false data injection attacks against state estimation. Here, a data-driven approach for the detection and localization of such attacks is proposed. The detector uses historical data to learn the normal behavior of the loads in a system and subsequently identify if any of the real-time observed measurements are being manipulated by an attacker.
The second part of this work focuses on the design of generative models for time-series load data. Two separate techniques are used to learn load behaviors from real datasets and exploiting them to generate realistic synthetic data. The first approach is based on principal component analysis (PCA), which is used to extract common temporal patterns from real data. The second method leverages conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs) and it overcomes the limitations of the PCA-based model while providing greater and more nuanced control on the generation of specific
types of load profiles. Finally, these two classes of models are combined in a multi-resolution generative scheme which is capable of producing any amount of time-series load data at any sampling resolution, for lengths ranging from a few seconds to years.
ContributorsPinceti, Andrea (Author) / Sankar, Lalitha (Thesis advisor) / Kosut, Oliver (Committee member) / Pal, Anamitra (Committee member) / Weng, Yang (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
The increase in the photovoltaic (PV) generation on distribution grids may cause reverse power flows and challenges such as service voltage violations and transformer overloading. To resolve these issues, utilities need situational awareness, e.g., PV-feeder mapping to identify the potential back-feeding feeders and meter-transformer mapping for transformer overloading. As circuit schematics are outdated, this work relies on data. In cases where the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data is unavailable, e.g., analog meters or bandwidth limitation, the dissertation proposes to use feeder measurements from utilities and solar panel measurements from solar companies to identify PV-feeder mapping. Several sequentially improved methods based on quantitative association rule mining (QARM) are proposed, where a lower bound for performance guarantee is also provided. However, binning data in QARM leads to information loss. So, bands are designed to replace bins for increased robustness. For cases where AMI data is available but solar PV data is unavailable, the AMI voltage data and location data are used for situational awareness, i.e., meter-transformer mapping, to resolve voltage violation and transformer overloading. A density-based clustering method is proposed that leverages AMI voltage data and geographical information to efficiently segment utility meters such that the segments comprise meters of few transformers only. Although it is helpful for utilities, it may not directly recover the meter-transformer connectivity, which requires transformer-wise segmentation. The proposed density-based method and other past methods ignore two common scenarios, e.g., having large distance between a meter and parent transformer or high similarity of a meter's consumption pattern to a non-parent transformer's meters. However, going from meter-meter can lead to the parent transformer group meters due to the usual observation that the similarity of intra-cluster meter voltages is usually stronger than the similarity of inter-cluster meter voltages. Therefore, performance guarantee is provided via spectral embedding with voltage data under reasonable assumption. Moreover, the assumption is partially relaxed using location data. It will benefit the utility in many ways, e.g., mitigating voltage violations by transformer tap settings and identifying overloaded transformers.
ContributorsSaleem, Muhammad Bilal (Author) / Weng, Yang (Thesis advisor) / Lanchier, Nicolas (Committee member) / Wu, Meng (Committee member) / Cook, Elizabeth (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Modern physical systems are experiencing tremendous evolutions with growing size, more and more complex structures, and the incorporation of new devices. This calls for better planning, monitoring, and control. However, achieving these goals is challenging since the system knowledge (e.g., system structures and edge parameters) may be unavailable for a normal system, let alone some dynamic changes like maintenance, reconfigurations, and events, etc. Therefore, extracting system knowledge becomes a central topic. Luckily, advanced metering techniques bring numerous data, leading to the emergence of Machine Learning (ML) methods with efficient learning and fast inference. This work tries to propose a systematic framework of ML-based methods to learn system knowledge under three what-if scenarios: (i) What if the system is normally operated? (ii) What if the system suffers dynamic interventions? (iii) What if the system is new with limited data? For each case, this thesis proposes principled solutions with extensive experiments. Chapter 2 tackles scenario (i) and the golden rule is to learn an ML model that maintains physical consistency, bringing high extrapolation capacity for changing operational conditions. The key finding is that physical consistency can be linked to convexity, a central concept in optimization. Therefore, convexified ML designs are proposed and the global optimality implies faithfulness to the underlying physics. Chapter 3 handles scenario (ii) and the goal is to identify the event time, type, and locations. The problem is formalized as multi-class classification with special attention to accuracy and speed. Subsequently, Chapter 3 builds an ensemble learning framework to aggregate different ML models for better prediction. Next, to tackle high-volume data quickly, a tensor as the multi-dimensional array is used to store and process data, yielding compact and informative vectors for fast inference. Finally, if no labels exist, Chapter 3 uses physical properties to generate labels for learning. Chapter 4 deals with scenario (iii) and a doable process is to transfer knowledge from similar systems, under the framework of Transfer Learning (TL). Chapter 4 proposes cutting-edge system-level TL by considering the network structure, complex spatial-temporal correlations, and different physical information.
ContributorsLi, Haoran (Author) / Weng, Yang (Thesis advisor) / Tong, Hanghang (Committee member) / Dasarathy, Gautam (Committee member) / Sankar, Lalitha (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER), including wind energy and photovoltaic (PV) panels, into power systems, increases the potential for events that could lead to outages and cascading failures. This risk is heightened by the limited dynamic information in energy grid datasets, primarily due to sparse Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) placement. This data quality issue underscores the need for effective methodologies to manage these challenges. One significant challenge is the data gaps in low-resolution (LR) data from RTU and smart meters, hindering robust machine learning (ML) applications. To address this, a systematic approach involves preparing data effectively and designing efficient event detection methods, utilizing both intrinsic physics and extrinsic correlations from power systems. The process begins by interpolating LR data using high-resolution (HR) data, aiming to create virtual PMUs for improved grid management. Current interpolation methods often overlook extrinsic spatial-temporal correlations and intrinsic governing equations like Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) or Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs). Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are used for this purpose, though they face challenges with limited LR samples. The solution involves exploring the embedding space governed by ODEs/DAEs, generating extrinsic correlations for initial LR data imputation, and enforcing intrinsic physical constraints for refinement. After data preparation, event data dimensions such as spatial, temporal, and measurement categories are recovered in a tensor. To prevent overfitting, common in traditional ML methods, tensor decomposition is used. This technique merges intrinsic and physical information across dimensions, yielding informative and compact feature vectors for efficient feature extraction and learning in event detection. Lastly, in grids with insufficient data, knowledge transfer from grids with similar event patterns is a viable solution. This involves optimizing projected and transferred vectors from tensor decomposition to maximize common knowledge utilization across grids. This strategy identifies common features, enhancing the robustness and efficiency of ML event detection models, even in scenarios with limited event data.
ContributorsMa, Zhihao (Author) / Weng, Yang (Thesis advisor) / Wu, Meng (Committee member) / Yu, Hongbin (Committee member) / Matavalam, Amarsagar Reddy Ramapuram (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Event identification is increasingly recognized as crucial for enhancing the reliability, security, and stability of the electric power system. With the growing deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and advancements in data science, there are promising opportunities to explore data-driven event identification via machine learning classification techniques. This dissertation explores the potential of data-driven event identification through machine learning classification techniques. In the first part of this dissertation, using measurements from multiple PMUs, I propose to identify events by extracting features based on modal dynamics. I combine such traditional physics-based feature extraction methods with machine learning to distinguish different event types.Using the obtained set of features, I investigate the performance of two well-known classification models, namely, logistic regression (LR) and support vector machines (SVM) to identify generation loss and line trip events in two datasets. The first dataset is obtained from simulated events in the Texas 2000-bus synthetic grid. The second is a proprietary dataset with labeled events obtained from a large utility in the USA.
My results indicate that the proposed framework is promising for identifying the two types of events in the supervised setting. In the second part of the dissertation, I use semi-supervised learning techniques, which make use of both labeled and unlabeled samples.I evaluate three categories of classical semi-supervised approaches: (i) self-training, (ii) transductive support vector machines (TSVM), and (iii) graph-based label spreading (LS) method. In particular, I focus on the identification of four event classes i.e., load loss, generation loss, line trip, and bus fault. I have developed and publicly shared a comprehensive Event Identification package which consists of three aspects: data generation, feature extraction, and event identification with limited labels using semi-supervised methodologies. Using this package, I generate eventful PMU data for the South Carolina 500-Bus synthetic network. My evaluation confirms that the integration of additional unlabeled samples and the utilization of LS for pseudo labeling surpasses the outcomes achieved by the self-training and TSVM approaches. Moreover, the LS algorithm consistently enhances the performance of all classifiers more robustly.
ContributorsTaghipourbazargani, Nima (Author) / Kosut, Oliver (Thesis advisor) / Sankar, Lalitha (Committee member) / Pal, Anamitra (Committee member) / Dasarathy, Gautam (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Although the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) has reduced the emissionof the greenhouse gas caused by vehicles, it would lead to serious congestion
on-road and in charging stations. Strategic coordination of EV charging would benefit
the transportation system. However, it is difficult to model a congestion game,
which includes choosing charging routes and stations. Furthermore, conventional algorithms
cannot balance System Optimization and User Equilibrium, which can cause
a huge waste to the whole society. To solve these problems, this paper shows (1) a
congestion game setup to optimize and reveal the relationship between EV users,
(2) using ε – Nash Equilibrium to reduce the inefficient impact from the self-minded
the behavior of the EV users, and (3) finding the relatively optimal solution to approach
Pareto-Optimal solution. The proposed method can reduce more total EVs charging
time and most EV users’ charging time than existing methods. Numerical simulations
demonstrate the advantages of the new method compared to the current methods.
ContributorsYu, Hao (Author) / Weng, Yang (Thesis advisor) / Yu, Hongbin (Committee member) / Zhang, Yanchao (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is an integral component that converts DC voltage to AC voltage suitable for driving the electric motor in Electric Vehicles/Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/HEVs) and integration with electric grid in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) converter. Performance of VSI is significantly impacted by the type of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) method used.In this work, a new PWM method called 240° Clamped Space Vector PWM (240CPWM) is studied extensively. 240CPWM method has the major advantages of clamping a phase to the positive or negative rail for 240° in a fundamental period, clamping of two phases simultaneously at any given instant, and use of only active states, completely eliminating the zero states. These characteristics lead to a significant reduction in switching losses of the inverter and lower DC link capacitor current stress as compared to Conventional Space Vector PWM. A unique six pulse dynamically varying DC link voltage is required for 240CPWM instead of constant DC link voltage to maintain sinusoidal output voltage. Voltage mode control of DC-DC stage with Smith predictor is developed for shaping the dynamic DC link voltage that meets the requirements for fast control.
Experimental results from a 10 kW hardware prototype with 10 kHz switching frequency validate the superior performance of 240CPWM in EV/HEV traction inverters focusing on loss reduction and DC link capacitor currents. Full load efficiency with the proposed 240CPWM for the DC-AC stage even with conventional Silicon devices exceeds 99%.
Performance of 240CPWM is evaluated in three phase grid-connected PV converter. It is verified experimentally that 240CPWM performs well under adverse grid conditions like sag/swell and unbalance in grid voltages, and under a wide range of power factor. Undesired low frequency harmonics in inverter currents are minimized using the Harmonic Compensator that results in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of 3.5% with 240CPWM in compliance with grid interconnection standards. A new, combined performance index is proposed to compare the performance of different PWM schemes in terms of switching loss, THD, DC link current stress, Common Mode Voltage and leakage current. 240CPWM achieves the best value for this index among the PWM methods studied.
ContributorsQamar, Haleema (Author) / Ayyanar, Raja (Thesis advisor) / Yu, Hongbin (Committee member) / Lei, Qin (Committee member) / Weng, Yang (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
The performance of voltage source inverter (VSI) in terms of output waveform quality, conversion efficiency and common mode noise depends greatly on the pulse width modulation (PWM) method. In this work, a low-loss space vector PWM i.e., 240°-clamped space vector PWM (240CPWM) is proposed to improve the performance of VSIs in electric/hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEVs) and grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The salient features of 240CPWM include 240° clamping of each phase pole to positive or negative DC bus in a fundamental cycle ensuring that switching losses are reduced by a factor of seven as compared to conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM) at unity power factor. Zero states are completely eliminated and only two nearest active states are used ensuring that there is no penalty in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) in line current. The THD of the line current is analyzed using the notion of stator flux ripple and compared with conventional and discontinuous PWM method. Discontinuous PWM methods achieve switching loss reduction at the expense of higher THD while 240CPWM achieves a much greater loss reduction without impacting the THD. The analysis and performance of 240CPWM are validated on a 10 kW two-stage experimental prototype.
Common mode voltage (CMV) and leakage current characteristics of 240CPWM are analyzed in detail. It is shown analytically that 240CPWM reduces the CMV and leakage current as compared to other PWM methods while simultaneously reducing the switching loss and THD. Experimental results from a 10-kW hardware prototype conform to the analytical discussions and validate the superior performance of 240CPWM.
240CPWM requires a six-pulse dynamic DC link voltage that introduces low frequency harmonics in DC input current and/or AC line currents that can affect maximum power point tracking, battery life or THD in line current. Four topologies have been proposed to minimize the low frequency harmonics in input and line currents in grid-connected PV system with 240CPWM.
In order to achieve further benefits in terms of THD and device stress reduction, 240CPWM is extended to three-level inverters. The performance metrics such as THD and switching loss for 240CPWM are analyzed in three-level inverter.
ContributorsQamar, Hafsa (Author) / Ayyanar, Raja (Thesis advisor) / Yu, Hongbin (Committee member) / Lei, Qin (Committee member) / Weng, Yang (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022