Cancer perception is different across each region of the world, which can lead to late diagnosis and death, especially in cancers associated with greater stigma. These perceptions are largely affected by sociocultural, economic, and healthcare infrastructure of the region. It is crucial that effective methods are implemented, so that patients do not avoid getting diagnosed and treated

Advancing the understanding and treatment of many neurological disorders can be achieved by improving methods of neuronal detection at increased depth in the mammalian brain. Different cell subtypes cannot be detected using non-invasive techniques beyond 1 mm from cortical surface, in the context of targeting particular cell types in vivo (Wang, 2012). These limitations in the depth of imaging and targeting are due to optical scattering (Ntziachristos, 2010). In order to overcome these restrictions, longer wavelength fluorescent proteins have been utilized by researchers to see tagged cells at depth. Optical techniques such as two-photon and confocal microscopy have been used in combination with fluorescent proteins to expand depth, but are still limited by the penetration depth of light due to optical scattering (Lee, 2015). This research aims to build on other detection methods, such as the photoacoustic effect and automated fluorescence-guided electrophysiology, to overcome this limitation.

Evolution has driven organisms to develop a wide range of biological mechanisms to protect against cancer. Some organisms, including the sponge Tethya wilhelma and the Placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens have developed particularly effective mechanisms to suppress cancer and repair DNA damage. While these mechanisms are rooted in DNA damage repair and prevention, evidence of bacteria may suggest that endosymbionts living within the organisms may plays a role as well. Likewise, other organisms, such as the flatworm Macrostomum lignano, are proven model organisms whose extensive documentation enables more in-depth analysis of biological mechanisms associated with cancer. Sponges, flatworms, and Placozoa were exposed to X-ray radiation totaling 600 Gy, 25 Gy, and up to 240 Gy, respectively. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were undergone to determine the differential gene expression of the animals at different time points. No common response to the X-ray radiation was discovered amongst all organisms. Instead, sponges showed evidence of tumor suppression and DNA repair gene upregulation including CUBN, bacterial endosymbionts showed evidence of lateral gene transfer and different DNA repair genes including FH, and flatworms showed evidence of allelic and mutational shifts in which tumorous populations became more reliant on alternate alleles and a single variant signature. This study highlights the varying mechanisms that have evolved in different organisms and the importance of studying these novel model organisms further.

An immune regulatory network was constructed for the purpose of identifying target regulators in malignant pleural mesothelioma for therapies. An identified causal flow linked a mutation of D-dopachrome tautomerase to a heightened expression of regulator ASH1L and consequent down regulation of chemokine CCL5 and invasion of CD8+ T cells. Experimental validation of this initial use case indicates mRNA expression of CCL5 within the tumor cells and subsequent protein expression and secretion. Further analyses will explore the migration of CD8+ T cells in response to the chemotactic CCL5.

Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation are expensive, painful, and often ineffective, as they compromise the patient’s immune system. Genetically-modified Salmonella Typhimurium (GMS) strains, however, have been proven to target tumors and suppress tumor growth. The GMS then undergo programmed lysis, optimally leaving no trace of Salmonella in the body. Additionally, constant culturing of S. Typhimurium changes the pH of the culture medium. The objective of this research is to investigate using Salmonella to induce changes in the typically acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) pH, ideally hindering tumor growth. Future studies involve utilizing Salmonella to treat a multitude of cancers.