Matching Items (65)
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The winter holiday period has been highlighted as a major risk period for weight gain due to excess caloric intake in the form of fat and sugar. Furthermore, diets high in fat and sugar have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise aids in the prevention

The winter holiday period has been highlighted as a major risk period for weight gain due to excess caloric intake in the form of fat and sugar. Furthermore, diets high in fat and sugar have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise aids in the prevention of weight/fat gain, and prevents deleterious changes in cardiometabolic function. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a fat-sugar supplemented diet, with and without two different exercise training protocols, on body composition, glycemic control and other markers of cardiovascular disease in an at-risk population of overweight and obese males. Twenty-seven, healthy overweight/obese (BMI >25 kg/m2) males were fed 2 donuts per day, 6 days/week, for four weeks, while maintaining their current diet. In addition, all subjects were randomized to one of the following conditions: sedentary control, 1,000 kcal/week moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) (50% of peak oxygen consumption), or 1,000 kcal/week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (90-95% of peak heart rate). Supervised exercise training was performed 4 days/week on a cycle ergometer. Changes in body weight and composition, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, glycemic control, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed before and after the intervention. Body weight, lean mass and visceral fat increased significantly in HIIT (p<0.05) and were unchanged in MICT. There was a trend for a significant increase in body weight (p=0.07) and lean mass (p=0.11) in control. Glycemic control during the 2-h OGTT improved significantly in MICT and control, with no change in HIIT. Hepatic insulin resistance index (IRI) and 30-min insulin during the OGTT improved significantly after MICT and worsened following control (p=0.03), while HIIT was unchanged. CRF increased significantly in both HIIT and MICT, with no change in control (p<0.001). There were no significant changes in other markers of cardiovascular disease. The addition of a fat-sugar supplement (~14,500 kcal) over a 4-week period was not sufficient to induce deleterious changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese young males. Exercise training did not afford overweight/obese males additional health benefits, with the exception of improvements in fitness and hepatic IRI.
ContributorsTucker, Wesley Jack (Author) / Gaesser, Glenn A (Thesis advisor) / Angadi, Siddhartha S (Committee member) / Whisner, Corrie M (Committee member) / Buman, Matthew P (Committee member) / Shaibi, Gabriel (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
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Given the continued increase in obesity rates in the United States, there has been growing research regarding factors related to obesity. Researchers have examined biological factors, such as set point theory, as well as various psychological factors such as motivation, self-efficacy, and eating styles. Taster-type, defined as how

Given the continued increase in obesity rates in the United States, there has been growing research regarding factors related to obesity. Researchers have examined biological factors, such as set point theory, as well as various psychological factors such as motivation, self-efficacy, and eating styles. Taster-type, defined as how an individual experiences the perception of taste (particularly bitterness), is a recent area of research that has explored the potential relationship between this phenomenon and obesity. The current study examined whether taster-type impacted weight loss, along with secondary measures of BMI, waist circumference, and food neophobia, as well as taster-type’s impact on these measures over time. This study also examined the potential role of taster-type as a predictor of weight loss, independent of the psychological variables of motivation, self-efficacy, and eating styles. Ninety adult participants, consisting of 64 females and 19 males were recruited for this study. They were asked to diet for four weeks; 60 finished the full four weeks and completed psychosocial measures over two time periods. They were asked to record their food using an online food journal, attend weekly meetings for weigh-ins, and were given psychoeducational materials regarding factors affecting weight loss. The results indicated that taster-type was not a significant factor in BMI or waist circumference, but taster-type did interact with time to reveal that supertasters consistently lost weight across the four week dieting period while nontasters leveled off after Week 2. Additionally, both groups increased in food neophobia from the start of the dieting period to the end of Week 4. Consistent with previous research, motivation and self-efficacy predicted weight loss; however, taster-type did not increase the prediction of weight loss across the dieting period. This effect only occurred at Week 2. By Week 4, no psychosocial variables were significant predictors of weight loss.
ContributorsWagner, Melissa C (Author) / Robinson-Kurpius, Sharon (Thesis advisor) / Capaldi Phillips, Elizabeth (Committee member) / Homer, Judith (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
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Background: Smartphone diet tracking applications (apps) are increasing in popularity but may not adequately address the important concerns of proper intake and of diet quality. Two novel weight loss apps were designed based on the popular dietary frameworks: MyPlate and FoodLists. MyPlate, the dietary guidelines put forth by

Background: Smartphone diet tracking applications (apps) are increasing in popularity but may not adequately address the important concerns of proper intake and of diet quality. Two novel weight loss apps were designed based on the popular dietary frameworks: MyPlate and FoodLists. MyPlate, the dietary guidelines put forth by the U.S. government, encourages a balanced diet from five primary food groups, but does not specify intake limits. The Food Lists set upper intake limits on all food groups except vegetables, and these guidelines extend to include fats, sweets, and alcohol.

Objective: The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether adherence to a weight loss app providing intake limits and more food group detail (the Food Lists app) facilitated more weight loss and better diet quality than adherence to a weight loss app based on the MyPlate platform. An additional objective was to examine whether higher app adherence would lead to greater weight loss.

Design: Thirty seven adults from a campus population were recruited, randomized, and instructed to follow either the Food Lists app (N=20) or the MyPlate app (N=17) for eight weeks. Subjects received one 15 minute session of diet and app training at baseline, and their use of the app was tracked daily. Body mass was measured at baseline and post-test.

Participants/setting: Healthy adults from a university campus population in downtown Phoenix, Arizona with BMI 24 to 40, medically stable, and who owned a smartphone.

Main outcome measures: Outcome measures included weight change, days of adherence, and diet quality change. Secondary measures included BMI, fat %, and waist circumference.

Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics (means and standard errors); Repeated measures ANOVAs analyzing weight, diet quality, and BMI; Pearson and Spearman correlations analyzing adherence and weight loss.

Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs and correlations revealed no significant mean differences in primary outcome variables of weight loss, adherence, or diet quality (P=0.140; P=0.790; P=0.278). However, there was a significant mean reduction of BMI favoring the group using the Food Lists app (P=0.041).

Conclusion: The findings strengthen the idea that intake limits and food group detail may be associated with weight loss. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether longer use of the Food Lists app can produce more significant dieting successes and encourage healthier behavioral outcomes.
ContributorsScholtz, Cameron (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Mayol-Kreiser, Sandra (Committee member) / Hekler, Eric (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2016
Description
Craniofacial morphology in primates can vary on the basis of their diet because foods are often disparate in the amount and duration of force required to break them down. Therefore diet has the potential to exercise considerable selective pressure on the morphology of the masticatory system. The zygomatic arch

Craniofacial morphology in primates can vary on the basis of their diet because foods are often disparate in the amount and duration of force required to break them down. Therefore diet has the potential to exercise considerable selective pressure on the morphology of the masticatory system. The zygomatic arch is a known site of relatively high masticatory strain and yet the relationship between arch form and load type is relatively unknown in primates. While the relative position and robusticity of the arch is considered a key indicator of craniofacial adaptations to a mechanically challenging diet, and central to efforts to infer diet in past species, the relationships between morphology and diet type in this feature are not well established.

This study tested hypotheses using two diet categorizations: total consumption percent and food material properties (FMPs). The first hypothesis that cortical bone area (CA) and section moduli (bone strength) are positively correlated with masticatory loading tests whether CA and moduli measures were greatest anteriorly and decreased posteriorly along the arch. The results found these measures adhered to this predicted pattern in the majority of taxa. The second hypothesis examines sutural complexity in the zygomaticotemporal suture as a function of dietary loading differences by calculating fractal dimensions as indices of complexity. No predictable pattern was found linking sutural complexity and diet in this primate sample, though hard object consumers possessed the most complex sutures. Lastly, cross-sectional geometric properties were measured to investigate whether bending and torsional resistance and cross-sectional shape are related to differences in masticatory loading. The highest measures of mechanical resistance tracked with areas of greatest strain in the majority of taxa. Cross-sectional shape differences do appear to reflect dietary differences. FMPs were not correlated with cross-sectional variables, however pairwise comparisons suggest taxa that ingest foods of greater stiffness experience relatively larger measures of bending and torsional resistance. The current study reveals that internal and external morphological factors vary across the arch and in conjunction with diet in primates. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating these mechanical differences in models of zygomatic arch mechanical behavior and primate craniofacial biomechanics.
ContributorsEdmonds, Hallie Margaret (Author) / Reed, Kaye (Thesis advisor) / Schwartz, Gary (Committee member) / Vinyard, Chris (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
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The Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants Short Version (REAP-S), represents a method for rapid diet quality assessment, however, few studies have tested its validity. The Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) and the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R) are tools that effectively assess diet quality, however, both are complex and

The Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants Short Version (REAP-S), represents a method for rapid diet quality assessment, however, few studies have tested its validity. The Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) and the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R) are tools that effectively assess diet quality, however, both are complex and time consuming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the REAP-S against the HEI-2005 and the DQI-R. Fifty males, 18 to 33 years of age, completed the REAP-S as well as a 24-hour diet recall. HEI-2005 and DQI-R scores were determined for each 24-hour recall. Scores from the REAP-S were evaluated against the HEI-2005 and DQI-R scores using Spearman rank order correlations and chi square. Modifications were also made to the original method of scoring the REAP-S to evaluate how the correlations transformed when certain questions were removed. The correlation coefficient for REAP-S and the HEI-2005 was 0.367 (P=0.009), and the correlation coefficient for REAP-S and the DQI-R was 0.323 (P=0.022). Chi square determined precision of the REAP-S to the HEI-2005 for overall diet quality at 64% and 62% for the DQI-R and REAP-S. Scores that were considered extreme (n=21) by the HEI-2005 (scores <40 and >60) had 76% precision with REAP-S. The correlation for the modified version of scoring REAP-S with the overall HEI-2005 and DQI-R were 0.395 (P=0.005) and 0.417 (P=0.003) respectively. Chi square statistics revealed the REAP-S accurately captured the diets of high quality versus low quality with 64% precision to the HEI-2005 and 62% of the DQI-R. When evaluating the modified REAP-S scores against the extreme HEI-2005 scores, precision increased to 81%. It appears the REAP-S is an acceptable tool to rapidly assess diet quality. It has a significant, moderate correlation to both the HEI-2005 and the DQI-R, with strong precision as well. Both correlation and precision is strengthened when values are compared to only the extreme scores of the HEI-2005; however, more research studies are needed to evaluate the validity of REAP-S in a more diverse population and to evaluate if changes to select questions can improve its accuracy in assessing diet quality.
ContributorsFawcett, Rachael (Author) / Johnston, Carol (Thesis advisor) / Mayol-Kreiser, Sandra (Committee member) / Wharton, Christopher (Christopher Mack), 1977- (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2012
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The purpose of this cookbook and ingredient index is to simplify the reasoning behind eating a plant based diet--including how it can be beneficial to your health, and what benefits each ingredient provides. These recipes have been cultivated and modified over time to provide nutritious meals that are also tasty.

The purpose of this cookbook and ingredient index is to simplify the reasoning behind eating a plant based diet--including how it can be beneficial to your health, and what benefits each ingredient provides. These recipes have been cultivated and modified over time to provide nutritious meals that are also tasty. I was introduced to healthy eating at a young age, and have been fascinated by it ever since. The recipes and information conveyed about a plant based diet have come from the many books read and research I have done on the subject. This paper will walk you through how I started this journey, and go on to show a basic overview of what makes up the foods we consume and why we need them. The cookbook portion of my Thesis contains recipes for breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, sauces, and dessert. Following the cookbook is an ingredient index that goes through the majority of ingredients used in my recipes, and what health benefits they provide. I hope that by reading this, others will be inspired to use more plant-based whole foods in their diet, and realize the healing that can come from them.

ContributorsMartin, Ashley (Author) / Barth, Christina (Thesis director) / McMullen, Mary (Committee member) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor) / Dean, W.P. Carey School of Business (Contributor) / School of Art (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2021-05
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder categorized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity. The onset of ADHD symptoms begin to appear in childhood, tend to be persistent into adulthood, and are associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (Caye et al., 2016; Yoshimasu et al., 2018).

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder categorized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity. The onset of ADHD symptoms begin to appear in childhood, tend to be persistent into adulthood, and are associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (Caye et al., 2016; Yoshimasu et al., 2018). The current study examined the effects of health-promoting behavior (i.e., diet and physical activity) on ADHD symptoms in middle childhood. The sample consisted of 670 twins (30.1% monozygotic, 36.5% same-sex dizygotic, 32.3% opposite-sex dizygotic) from the ongoing longitudinal study, the Arizona Twin Project. The twin’s (51% female) diet, physical activity, and ADHD symptoms were assessed at age 8 (M = 8.45, SD = 0.69) and ADHD symptoms were assessed again at age 9 (M = 9.70, SD = 0.92). Mixed model regression analyses revealed that aspects of diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrates, and fiber) at age 8 negatively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9. Similarly, sedentary behavior at age 8 negatively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9, whereas moderate-to-vigorous activity at age 8 positively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9. Univariate twin analyses revealed that certain aspects of diet (i.e., sugar, vegetable, and fruit consumption) were influenced by environmental factors whereas other aspects of diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrates, calories, fat, and fiber consumption) were influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Both children’s sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous activity were influenced primarily by genetic factors, with the remaining variance being attributed to non-shared environmental factors. Additive genetic influences explained the majority of the variance in ADHD symptoms. Future research should examine bidirectional effects of activity and diet on ADHD symptoms across childhood.

ContributorsJurek, Emily (Author) / Lemery-Chalfant, Kathryn (Thesis director) / Rea-Sandin, Gianna (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor)
Created2021-12
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with no effective treatments or preventions. Evidence suggests that environmental factors, including dietary nutrients, contribute to the etiology of AD. Choline is an essential nutrient found in many common foods. Choline is produced endogenously, but not at levels

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with no effective treatments or preventions. Evidence suggests that environmental factors, including dietary nutrients, contribute to the etiology of AD. Choline is an essential nutrient found in many common foods. Choline is produced endogenously, but not at levels sufficient for healthy metabolic function and thus requires dietary supplementation. Literature shows that ~90% of Americans do not meet the adequate intake threshold for dietary choline consumption and therefore are dietary choline-deficient. While dietary choline supplementation throughout life has been shown to have significant health benefits, such as reducing AD pathology and improving cognition in a mouse model of AD, the impacts of dietary choline deficiency are unknown. Experiments were designed to understand the effects of dietary choline deficiency in healthy, non-transgenic mice (NonTg) and in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. From 3 to 12 months of age, mice received either adequate choline (ChN) in the diet or were put on a choline-deficient (Ch-) diet. A Ch- diet leads to significant weight gain throughout life in both the NonTg and 3xTg-AD mice, with AD mice showing a greater increase. Additionally, impaired glucose metabolism, which is a risk factor for AD, was induced in both NonTg Ch- and 3xTg-AD Ch- mice. Interestingly, Ch- induced cardiomegaly in 3xTg-AD mice and elevated markers of cardiac dysfunction in NonTg mice to similar levels in 3xTg-AD mice. Finally, Ch- exacerbated amyloid-β plaque pathology and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus and cortex of 3xTg-AD mice. Proteomic analyses revealed Ch- induced changes in hippocampal proteins associated with postsynaptic receptor regulation, microtubule stabilization, and neuronal development, as well as well-known AD-associated proteins (MAPT, BACE1, MECP2, CREBBP). Proteomic analyses also revealed Ch- induced changes of plasma proteins associated with secondary pathologies of AD including inflammation, immune response insulin metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction (SAA1, SAA2, IDE, HSPD1, VDAC-1, VDACE-2). Taken together, these data suggest that dietary choline deficiency induces system-wide cellular and molecular dysfunction associated with AD across several pathogenic axes, through proteomic changes not only in the hippocampus but also in the plasma.
ContributorsDave, Nikhil (Author) / Velazquez, Ramon (Thesis advisor) / Piras, Ignazio (Committee member) / Mastroeni, Diego (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description

An autoimmune disease is a health condition in which the immune system attacks your body due to the inability to differentiate between foreign cells and your own cells. There are over 80 autoimmune diseases that affect the human body, but we specifically want to focus on three diseases: Crohn’s Disease,

An autoimmune disease is a health condition in which the immune system attacks your body due to the inability to differentiate between foreign cells and your own cells. There are over 80 autoimmune diseases that affect the human body, but we specifically want to focus on three diseases: Crohn’s Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These three autoimmune diseases affect young adults the most and impact three integral parts of the body – the GI tract, musculoskeletal system, and the central nervous system, respectively. We would like to further research how nutrition and diet can affect individuals with these autoimmune disorders. We want to better understand the role diet plays in maintaining both the physical and mental health condition of an individual with an autoimmune disease. Stress has been hypothesized to be a factor in the triggering of an autoimmune disease and we have noticed how stress can be a major factor on a person’s daily food choices and intake. We are also interested in how we can incorporate this knowledge of the benefits of nutrition into routine patient care. Within the healthcare setting, we have both witnessed first-hand how patients were able to improve as well as maintain their physical health condition via their diet. For example, through an appropriate diet, patients were able to show improvements in their lab work and/or maintain and prevent health conditions such as autoimmune disorders. Therefore, we would like to better understand how diet can control and/or manage autoimmune disorders.

ContributorsCheng, Elizabeth (Author) / Palakodaty, Srikari (Co-author) / Don, Rachael (Thesis director) / Martinelli, Sarah (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor)
Created2023-05
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Background: People with diabetes are at greater risk for comorbid cardiovascular disease, end stage organ damage, disability, and early death. There is substantial evidence that individualizing self-care education, such as eating a healthy diet, greatly improves diabetes management. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the

Background: People with diabetes are at greater risk for comorbid cardiovascular disease, end stage organ damage, disability, and early death. There is substantial evidence that individualizing self-care education, such as eating a healthy diet, greatly improves diabetes management. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the outcomes of a diabetes education program offered to underserved women in the Southwestern United States. Methods: Four weekly nutrition classes were individualized and taught at a nonprofit organization in the southwest United States. Behavior change was measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) tool. Classes were advertised via the center’s monthly class calendar and fliers. A total of nine participants (N=9) came to every class and took the SDSCA survey before and after class instruction. Results: Descriptive statistics and two 2-tailed t-tests with the critical value set at p<0.05 were used for data analysis. The participants were Hispanic women, most between the ages of 40-49, and had an income between $0-14,000. The mean difference between the variables of both general diet and specific diet pre and post-tests were significantly different from zero. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity were met. The results of both two-tailed paired sample t-tests were significant suggesting the means of general and specific diet pre-tests were significantly lower than the means of the general and specific diet post-tests. Discussion: The assumptions of normality and homogeneity were met and the results were significant. The pre-intervention scores for both categories were statistically significantly lower than the post-intervention scores for both categories. Thus, the desired outcome of helping clients within the organization modify, adapt, or change self-care behaviors related to diet was met.
Created2022-04-26