By studying the workflow used to create the black hole, Gargantua, in Interstellar, artists can understand how to simulate complex astronomical phenomena in other special effects software such as Houdini. This workflow utilizes a balance between scientific realism and artistic interpretation of astronomical phenomena such that simulations can maximize their success in film. Through significant amounts of research and study, the artists at Double Negative generated a scientifically realistic black hole in shape and physical behavior, but made creative decisions when shading and lighting their simulation. I find that DNeg’s workflow integrates well when using Houdini technology. I follow their workflow to generate a series of spiral galaxies in Houdini and find how Houdini’s node network layout allows artists to incorporate both scientific realism and creative approaches to a simulation. A strong understanding of the mechanics of the simulated astronomical event scientifically informs the look and shape of a production, while Houdini’s node network layout makes it easy for special effects artists to manipulate simulations to their own artistic interpretation of astronomical phenomena.

The goal of this project was to develop a prototype for an educational tool that will help users understand how the voting system deployed by a government can affect the outcomes of elections. This tool was developed in Java SE, consisting of a model for the simulation of elections capable of supporting various voting systems, along with a variety of fairness measures, and educational and explanatory material. While a completed version of this tool would ideally be fully self-contained, easily accessible in-browser, and provide detailed visualizations of the simulated elections, the current prototype version consists of a GitHub repository containing the code, with the educational material and explanations contained within the thesis paper. Ultimately, the goal of this project was to be a stepping stone on the path to create a tool that will instill a measure of systemic skepticism in the user; to give them cause to question why our systems are built the way they are, and reasons to believe that they could be changed for the better. In undertaking this project, I hope to help in providing people with the political education needed to make informed decisions about how they want the government to function. The GitHub repository containing all the code can be found at, https://github.com/SpencerDiamond/Votes_that_Count

We implemented the well-known Ising model in one dimension as a computer program and simulated its behavior with four algorithms: (i) the seminal Metropolis algorithm; (ii) the microcanonical algorithm described by Creutz in 1983; (iii) a variation on Creutz’s time-reversible algorithm allowing for bonds between spins to change dynamically; and (iv) a combination of the latter two algorithms in a manner reflecting the different timescales on which these two processes occur (“freezing” the bonds in place for part of the simulation). All variations on Creutz’s algorithm were symmetrical in time, and thus reversible. The first three algorithms all favored low-energy states of the spin lattice and generated the Boltzmann energy distribution after reaching thermal equilibrium, as expected, while the last algorithm broke from the Boltzmann distribution while the bonds were “frozen.” The interpretation of this result as a net increase to the system’s total entropy is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, which leads to the relationship between maximum entropy and the Boltzmann distribution.