This paper examines infrastructure spending in a model economy. Infrastructure is subdivided into two types: one that makes future production more efficient, and another that decreases the risk of devastation to the future economy. We call the first type base infrastructure, and the second type risk-reducing infrastructure. Our model assumes that a single representative individual makes all the decisions within a society and optimizes their own total utility over the present and future. We then calibrate an aggregate economic, two-period model to identify the optimal allocation of today’s output into consumption, base infrastructure, and risk-reducing infrastructure. This model finds that many governments can make substantive improvements to the happiness of their citizens by investing significantly more into risk-reducing infrastructure.

The growth of fintech companies in developing countries has led to increased levels of economic development and financial inclusion. This thesis explores the reasons for the success of these companies, with a focus on the impact they have on the local economy and their ability to provide financial services to underserved populations. The intent of this thesis is to educate the reader on the overall landscape of financial technology companies in developing countries. The writing will examine the specific types of services offered by these fintech companies that operate in developing countries and the catalysts that make them successful. It will also cover the impact that these companies have on the nations they operate in by looking at contributions to overall economic development and financial inclusion. The results of this literature will have implications for business leaders, policymakers, and investors interested in promoting financial inclusion and economic development through fintech.

Countries such as Haiti—where corruption, violence, and extreme poverty hinder economic growth and recovery— require multifaceted, interdisciplinary solutions. The United States, along with much of the western world, has a flawed understanding of foreign aid. Though current humanitarian efforts have effectively improved the lives of millions of Haitians, they fail to address the systemic roots of Haiti’s issues. Likewise, some efforts have been counterproductive or even harmful. If the US wishes to assist Haiti (and similar developing countries for that matter) in its journey to restoring the rule of law, reducing corruption, and empowering its citizens, it must collaborate with Haitian leaders and prioritize socioeconomic policy programs.