Virus-like particles (VLPs) are optimum candidates for creating vaccines, as they are highly flexible, adaptable, safe, and similar to the structural proteins of the target cells. The COVID 19 pandemic has increased the need to create effective and safe vaccines that can be mass produced to stop the spread of COVID-19. Till now, various types of vaccine platforms have been utilized to create COVID-19 vaccines, each with unique characteristics and techniques. It is essential to use robust vaccine platforms that can deliver optimum results in a short period of time, with minimal risks. The structural proteins found in SARS-CoV-2, such as Spike (S) protein have been widely targeted to induce antibody response, also called a humoral response, which is a part of acquired immunity. The other structural proteins such as M (membrane) and E (envelope) can also be used as targets for antibodies. The S2 and glycoprotein (S full) can be used to induce an efficient IgG response. Therefore, the incorporation of structural proteins into VLPs can prove to be useful. Furthermore, double mosaic VLPs employs double epitopes, which can effectively cover the distances between the S proteins, thus optimizing the B cell activation process. This review describes the various developments that have taken place in the field of VLPs and more specifically, with regards to developing VLP vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The occurrence of tragedies throughout history, whether it be natural disasters, pandemics, or wars, is inevitable. The way that humans have chosen to respond to destruction and disagreements has also changed. However, something that remains the same is that those with less monetary resources and political power are at a higher disadvantage whenever the world is under duress or hardship. This propensity (tendency) can be seen through the comparison of two very different yet very profound events in recent history, the COVID-19 pandemic and World War II. The two events are distinct in their time periods, the nature of the disaster that they caused, and the problems that were created by their existence. Although they are very dissimilar, those in the US who had less monetarily were still disadvantaged much more than those who were more affluent. This pattern of disparity is revealed through the use and failure of the supply chain during both events. A supply chain is the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity or service (Supply Chain Definition & Meaning, n.d.). Although the supply chains used in World War II were not as fine-tuned as the ones required to distribute goods around the world today, World War II was instrumental in the refinement and use of the supply chain due to the high demand for goods and personnel across the world. During COVID-19 the quick shift in demand for unprecedented goods and services exposed the inflexibility of the world's largest supply chains, which in turn caused shortages around the world. For the United States government or large global corporations to fix the problems caused by these events, they both turned to the people who bear the majority of the burden of working overtime to account for the loss of goods; those who are most susceptible to the shortages of goods and services: those in lower-income communities.

The occurrence of tragedies throughout history, whether it be natural disasters, pandemics, or wars, is inevitable. The way that humans have chosen to respond to destruction and disagreements has also changed. However, something that remains the same is that those with less monetary resources and political power are at a higher disadvantage whenever the world is under duress or hardship. This propensity (tendency) can be seen through the comparison of two very different yet very profound events in recent history, the COVID-19 pandemic and World War II. The two events are distinct in their time periods, the nature of the disaster that they caused, and the problems that were created by their existence. Although they are very dissimilar, those in the US who had less monetarily were still disadvantaged much more than those who were more affluent. This pattern of disparity is revealed through the use and failure of the supply chain during both events. A supply chain is the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity or service (Supply Chain Definition & Meaning, n.d.). Although the supply chains used in World War II were not as fine-tuned as the ones required to distribute goods around the world today, World War II was instrumental in the refinement and use of the supply chain due to the high demand for goods and personnel across the world. During COVID-19 the quick shift in demand for unprecedented goods and services exposed the inflexibility of the world's largest supply chains, which in turn caused shortages around the world. For the United States government or large global corporations to fix the problems caused by these events, they both turned to the people who bear the majority of the burden of working overtime to account for the loss of goods; those who are most susceptible to the shortages of goods and services: those in lower-income communities.

The COVID-19 pandemic’s unprecedented nature caused significant disruptions in the global supply chain industry, resulting in setbacks for supply chain operations. The repercussions of the supply chain challenges impacted various industries. This thesis seeks to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chain industry, with a focus on how disruptions have affected the efficiency and resilience of companies within this sector. Data analytics will be leveraged to analyze these disruptions and improve supply chain operations.

This essay will provide an analysis of the responsiveness of the world's hospitals to the crisis of the COVID 19 pandemic. This analysis will be focused on determining the previous adaptiveness of these hospitals and how they became and can become more adaptable in order to effectively handle the next global crisis that we will face. The essay will first examine some of the underlying issues that existed within healthcare institutions immediately prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. After this, it will next observe some of the general challenges posed by the circumstances of the pandemic, followed by an exploration of what changes took place within hospitals in order to combat these challenges. After this the essay will provide an analysis of the effectiveness of these changes. Lastly, the essay will give recommendations on how international healthcare facilities can take broad steps to be better prepared for the next global health crisis.