Faculty and Staff

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between pitch-matching and grade level, sex, ethnicity, and classroom teachers’ use of music among K-3 students (N = 289) taught by the same general music teacher. Portions of the data from a pitch-matching exercise that functioned as the music teacher’s roll-taking procedure during the 2005-06 school year were treated as pre- and post-tests. There were no significant pretest differences between ethnic groups (Hispanic, White, Other). There were significant pretest differences among classes taught by different classroom teachers, as well as the female students scoring significantly higher than males. Covariance analysis (pretest as covariate) revealed significant improvement by girls over boys on the posttest. There were no significant pretest differences among grade levels, suggesting a lack of carryover of pitch-matching skills from previous years, despite significant improvement (pre-post) for every grade level during the year under study. The boys performed poorly relative to girls in higher grades, though the interaction was not significant. Finally, the study revealed relationships between classroom teachers’ reported use of music and student gain scores (pre-post) in pitch-matching.

||VEZA IZMEĐU REPRODUKOVANJA ZADATOG TONSKOG NIZA I RAZREDA, POLA, ETNIČKE PRIPADNOSTI I METODA KORIŠĆENJA MUZIKE U NASTAVI NA PREDŠKOLSKOM UZRASTU I U PRVA TRI RAZREDA OSNOVNE ŠKOLE
Cilj rada je bio da se ispita veza između reprodukovanja zadatog tonskog niza i razreda koje dete pohađa, pola, etničke pripadnosti i načina na koji nastavnici razredne nastave koriste muziku u nastavi kod predškolske grupe i učenika od prvog do trećeg razreda (N = 289) kojima predaje isti nastavnik muzike opšteg smera. Podaci dobijeni na bazi vežbe za reprodukovanje zadatog tonskog niza koje je nastavnik muzike koristio u procesu prozivke učenika tokom školske 2005/06. godine su delom iskorišćeni kao predtestiranje i post-testiranje. U predtestiranju nije bilo značajnijih razlika među etničkim grupama (Hispanjolci, belci, ostali). Značajne razlike u predtestiranju evidentirane su između odeljenja kojima su predavali različiti nastavnici razredne nastave, a bilo je primetno i da su rezultati devojčica bili značajno viši u odnosu na dečake. Analizom kovarijanse (sa predtestiranjem kao kovarijantom) u post-testiranju je utvrđeno značajno poboljšanje kod devojčica u odnosu na dečake. U predtestiranju nije bilo značajnijih razlika između različitih razreda, što je sugerisalo da nije bilo prenošenja veštine reprodukovana zadatog tonskog niza iz prethodnih razreda, i pored značajnog poboljšanja (predtestiranje – post testiranje) u svakom razredu tokom referentne godine. Dečaci su imali slabije rezultate u odnosu na devojčice u višim razredima, iako interakcija nije bila važna. Konačno, studija je ukazala na vezu koja postoji između načina na koji su nastavnici razredne nastave koristili muziku u nastavi i napretka koji su učenici pokazali u pogledu reprodukovanja zadatog tonskog niza (predtestiranje – post-testiranje).

Using a natural experiment (Regulation SHO), we show that short selling pressure and consequent stock price behavior have a causal effect on managers’ voluntary disclosure choices. Specifically, we find that managers respond to a positive exogenous shock to short selling pressure and price sensitivity to bad news by reducing the precision of bad news forecasts. This finding on management forecasts appears to be generalizable to other corporate disclosures. In particular, we find that, in response to increased short selling pressure, managers also reduce the readability (or increase the fuzziness) of bad news annual reports. Overall, our results suggest that maintaining the current level of stock prices is an important consideration in managers’ strategic disclosure decisions.