Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes both ASU Theses and Dissertations, submitted by graduate students, and the Barrett, Honors College theses submitted by undergraduate students.
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Description
Background: Hispanic women are at high risk for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), in part due to their high prevalence of obesity, which may influence the development of insulin resistance and disease onset. Unhealthy eating contributes to T2D risk. Dietary patterns are the combination of total foods and beverages among individual’s over time, but there is limited information regarding its role on T2D risk factors among Hispanic women. Objective: To identify a posteriori dietary patterns and their associations with diabetes risk factors (age, BMI, abdominal obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c) among overweight/obese Hispanic women. Design: Cross-sectional dietary data were collected among 191 women with or at risk for T2D using the Southwestern Food Frequency Questionnaire capturing the prior three months of intake. Dietary patterns were derived using exploratory factor analysis. Regression scores were used to explore associations between dietary patterns and diabetes risk factors. Results: The patterns derived were: 1) “sugar and fat-laden”, with high loads of sweets, drinks, pastries, and fats; 2) “plant foods and fish”, with high loads of vegetables, fruits, fish, and beans; 3) “soups and starchy dishes”, with high loads of soups, starchy foods, and mixed dishes; 4) “meats and snacks”, with high loads of red meat, salty snacks, and condiments; 5) “beans and grains”, with high loads of beans and seeds, whole-wheat and refined grain foods, fish, and alcohol; and 6) “eggs and dairy”, with high loads of eggs, dairy, and fats. The “sugar and fat-laden” and “meats and snacks” patterns were negatively associated with age (r= -0.230, p= 0.001 and r= -0.298, p<0.001, respectively). Scores for “plant foods and fish” were associated with fasting blood glucose (r= 0.152, p= 0.037). There were no other statistically significant relationships between the dietary patterns and risk factors for T2D. Conclusions: A variety of patterns with healthy and unhealthy traits among Hispanic women were observed. Being younger may play an important role in adhering to a dietary pattern rich in sugary and high-fat foods and highlights the importance of assessing dietary patterns among young women to early identify dietary traits detrimental for their health.
ContributorsArias-Gastelum, Mayra (Author) / Vega-Lopez, Sonia (Thesis advisor) / Der Ananian, Cheryl (Committee member) / Whisner, Corrie (Committee member) / Bruening, Meg (Committee member) / Hooker, Steven (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2018
Description
Obesity is highly prevalence in United States. Obesity can be seen as a positive energy balance, especially a positive fat balance. This may be due in part to how the human body uses energy sources. When a person overconsumes a meal that contains high amounts of both carbohydrate and fat, carbohydrate will stimulate its own oxidation and suppress fat oxidation. This can result in a positive fat balance, which could eventually lead to obesity. Also, it has been shown that after consuming a meal endothelial function is frequently impaired for several hours during the postprandial period. Long-term endothelial dysfunction is a major cause of different types of cardiovascular disease. Exercise has been shown to stimulate fat oxidation and, when performed the day before meal ingestion, precondition arteries by enhancing endothelial function in the basal state. However, the acute effect of exercise on postprandial period is unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on the substrate oxidation and endothelial function in the postprandial period after consumption of “meal” consisting of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and a candy bar (480 kcal; ~75% sugar). Five subjects (4 males, 1 female; age=25yr, BMI=25 kg/m2) completed two conditions in random order: 1) no exercise control; 2) high-intensity interval exercise on a cycle ergometer: alternating 1-min intervals at 90-95% HRmax separated by 1-min of active recovery at 50W, for a duration sufficient to expend ~480 kcal. Endothelial function was measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at baseline, and at 1, 2 and 4 hours postprandial. Substrate oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry during the entire first hour postprandial and then during the last 20 min of hours 2-5 postprandial. Absolute postprandial fat oxidation (g/5 hours) was higher in HIIE (exercise: 5.47 ± 9.97, control: -9.78 ± 3.80; p<0.011). Absolute postprandial carbohydrate oxidation (g/5 hours) was higher in control group (control: 27.79 ± 6.20, exercise: -1.48 ± 7.75; p<0.019). Therefore, these results show that HIIE results in greater fat oxidation during the postprandial period in comparison to a no-exercise control condition. For FMD, there was no significant difference between groups, and no group x time interaction. However, there was a significant time effect (p<0.046), with both groups demonstrating a reduction in FMD during the postprandial period. FMD in the control condition decreased from 12% to 7.5% during the first 2 hours postprandial, and from 11.4% to 7.3% in the HIIE condition. These results indicate that HIIE performed 1 hour prior to ingestion of a SSB and candy bar does not prevent postprandial endothelial dysfunction.
ContributorsLin, Chia Yu (Author) / Gaesser, Glenn (Thesis advisor) / Whisner, Corrie (Committee member) / Angadi, Siddhartha (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020