This growing collection consists of scholarly works authored by ASU-affiliated faculty, staff, and community members, and it contains many open access articles. ASU-affiliated authors are encouraged to Share Your Work in KEEP.

Displaying 1 - 10 of 18
Filtering by

Clear all filters

190-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Attitudes and habits are extremely resistant to change, but a disruption of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to bring long-term, massive societal changes. During the pandemic, people are being compelled to experience new ways of interacting, working, learning, shopping, traveling, and eating meals. Going forward, a

Attitudes and habits are extremely resistant to change, but a disruption of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to bring long-term, massive societal changes. During the pandemic, people are being compelled to experience new ways of interacting, working, learning, shopping, traveling, and eating meals. Going forward, a critical question is whether these experiences will result in changed behaviors and preferences in the long term. This paper presents initial findings on the likelihood of long-term changes in telework, daily travel, restaurant patronage, and air travel based on survey data collected from adults in the United States in Spring 2020. These data suggest that a sizable fraction of the increase in telework and decreases in both business air travel and restaurant patronage are likely here to stay. As for daily travel modes, public transit may not fully recover its pre-pandemic ridership levels, but many of our respondents are planning to bike and walk more than they used to. These data reflect the responses of a sample that is higher income and more highly educated than the US population. The response of these particular groups to the COVID-19 pandemic is perhaps especially important to understand, however, because their consumption patterns give them a large influence on many sectors of the economy.

Created2020-09-03
162019-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Cities in the Global South face rapid urbanization challenges and often suffer an acute lack of infrastructure and governance capacities. Smart Cities Mission, in India, launched in 2015, aims to offer a novel approach for urban renewal of 100 cities following an area‐based development approach, where the use of ICT

Cities in the Global South face rapid urbanization challenges and often suffer an acute lack of infrastructure and governance capacities. Smart Cities Mission, in India, launched in 2015, aims to offer a novel approach for urban renewal of 100 cities following an area‐based development approach, where the use of ICT and digital technologies is particularly emphasized. This article presents a critical review of the design and implementation framework of this new urban renewal program across selected case‐study cities. The article examines the claims of the so‐called “smart cities” against actual urban transformation on‐ground and evaluates how “inclusive” and “sustainable” these developments are. We quantify the scale and coverage of the smart city urban renewal projects in the cities to highlight who the program includes and excludes. The article also presents a statistical analysis of the sectoral focus and budgetary allocations of the projects under the Smart Cities Mission to find an inherent bias in these smart city initiatives in terms of which types of development they promote and the ones it ignores. The findings indicate that a predominant emphasis on digital urban renewal of selected precincts and enclaves, branded as “smart cities,” leads to deepening social polarization and gentrification. The article offers crucial urban planning lessons for designing ICT‐driven urban renewal projects, while addressing critical questions around inclusion and sustainability in smart city ventures.`

ContributorsPraharaj, Sarbeswar (Author)
Created2021-05-07
Description

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats.

Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits.

Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation.

ContributorsSadd, Ben M. (Author) / Barribeau, Seth M. (Author) / Bloch, Guy (Author) / de Graaf, Dirk C. (Author) / Dearden, Peter (Author) / Elsik, Christine G. (Author) / Gadau, Juergen (Author) / Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P. (Author) / Hasselmann, Martin (Author) / Lozier, Jeffrey D. (Author) / Robertson, Hugh M. (Author) / Smagghe, Guy (Author) / Stolle, Eckart (Author) / Van Vaerenbergh, Matthias (Author) / Waterhouse, Robert M. (Author) / Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (Author) / Klasberg, Steffen (Author) / Bennett, Anna K. (Author) / Camara, Francisco (Author) / Guigo, Roderic (Author) / Hoff, Katharina (Author) / Mariotti, Marco (Author) / Munoz-Torres, Monica (Author) / Murphy, Terence (Author) / Santesmasses, Didac (Author) / Amdam, Gro (Author) / Beckers, Matthew (Author) / Beye, Martin (Author) / Biewer, Matthias (Author) / Bitondi, Marcia MG (Author) / Blaxter, Mark L. (Author) / Bourke, Andrew FG (Author) / Brown, Mark JF (Author) / Buechel, Severine D. (Author) / Cameron, Rossanah (Author) / Cappelle, Kaat (Author) / Carolan, James C. (Author) / Christiaens, Olivier (Author) / Ciborowski, Kate L. (Author) / Clarke, David F. (Author) / Colgan, Thomas J. (Author) / Collins, David H. (Author) / Cridge, Andrew G. (Author) / Dalmay, Tamas (Author) / Dreier, Stephanie (Author) / du Plessis, Louis (Author) / Duncan, Elizabeth (Author) / Erler, Silvio (Author) / Evans, Jay (Author) / Falcon, Talgo (Author) / Flores, Kevin (Author) / Freitas, Flavia CP (Author) / Fuchikawa, Taro (Author) / Gempe, Tanja (Author) / Hartfelder, Klaus (Author) / Hauser, Frank (Author) / Helbing, Sophie (Author) / Humann, Fernanda (Author) / Irvine, Frano (Author) / Jermiin, Lars S (Author) / Johnson, Claire E. (Author) / Johnson, Reed M (Author) / Jones, Andrew K. (Author) / Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko (Author) / Kidner, Jonathan H. (Author) / Koch, Vasco (Author) / Kohler, Arian (Author) / Kraus, F. Bernhard (Author) / Lattorff, H. Michael G. (Author) / Leask, Megan (Author) / Lockett, Gabrielle A. (Author) / Mallon, Eamonn B. (Author) / Marco Antonio, David S. (Author) / Marxer, Monika (Author) / Meeus, Ivan (Author) / Moritz, Robin FA (Author) / Nair, Ajay (Author) / Napflin, Kathrin (Author) / Nissen, Inga (Author) / Niu, Jinzhi (Author) / Nunes, Francis MF (Author) / Oakeshott, John G. (Author) / Osborne, Amy (Author) / Otte, Marianne (Author) / Pinheiro, Daniel G. (Author) / Rossie, Nina (Author) / Rueppell, Olav (Author) / Santos, Carolina G (Author) / Schmid-Hempel, Regula (Author) / Schmitt, Bjorn D. (Author) / Schulte, Christina (Author) / Simoes, Zila LP (Author) / Soares, Michelle PM (Author) / Swevers, Luc (Author) / Winnebeck, Eva C. (Author) / Wolschin, Florian (Author) / Yu, Na (Author) / Zdobnov, Evgeny M (Author) / Aqrawi, Peshtewani K (Author) / Blakenburg, Kerstin P (Author) / Coyle, Marcus (Author) / Francisco, Liezl (Author) / Hernandez, Alvaro G. (Author) / Holder, Michael (Author) / Hudson, Matthew E. (Author) / Jackson, LaRonda (Author) / Jayaseelan, Joy (Author) / Joshi, Vandita (Author) / Kovar, Christie (Author) / Lee, Sandra L. (Author) / Mata, Robert (Author) / Mathew, Tittu (Author) / Newsham, Irene F. (Author) / Ngo, Robin (Author) / Okwuonu, Geoffrey (Author) / Pham, Christopher (Author) / Pu, Ling-Ling (Author) / Saada, Nehad (Author) / Santibanez, Jireh (Author) / Simmons, DeNard (Author) / Thornton, Rebecca (Author) / Venkat, Aarti (Author) / Walden, Kimberly KO (Author) / Wu, Yuan-Qing (Author) / Debyser, Griet (Author) / Devreese, Bart (Author) / Asher, Claire (Author) / Blommaert, Julie (Author) / Chipman, Ariel D. (Author) / Chittka, Lars (Author) / Fouks, Bertrand (Author) / Liu, Jisheng (Author) / O'Neill, Meaghan P (Author) / Sumner, Seirian (Author) / Puiu, Daniela (Author) / Qu, Jiaxin (Author) / Salzberg, Steven L (Author) / Scherer, Steven E (Author) / Muzny, Donna M. (Author) / Richards, Stephen (Author) / Robinson, Gene E (Author) / Gibbs, Richard A. (Author) / Schmid-Hempel, Paul (Author) / Worley, Kim C (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2015-04-24
Description

We present a phylogeographic study of at least six reproductively isolated lineages of new world harvester ants within the Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus species group. The genetic and geographic relationships within this clade are complex: Four of the identified lineages show genetic caste determination (GCD) and are divided into

We present a phylogeographic study of at least six reproductively isolated lineages of new world harvester ants within the Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus species group. The genetic and geographic relationships within this clade are complex: Four of the identified lineages show genetic caste determination (GCD) and are divided into two pairs. Each pair has evolved under a mutualistic system that necessitates sympatry. These paired lineages are dependent upon one another because their GCD requires interlineage matings for the production of F1 hybrid workers, and intralineage matings are required to produce queens. This GCD system maintains genetic isolation among these interdependent lineages, while simultaneously requiring co-expansion and emigration as their distributions have changed over time. It has also been demonstrated that three of these four GCD lineages have undergone historical hybridization, but the narrower sampling range of previous studies has left questions on the hybrid parentage, breadth, and age of these groups. Thus, reconstructing the phylogenetic and geographic history of this group allows us to evaluate past insights and hypotheses and to plan future inquiries in a more complete historical biogeographic context. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences sampled across most of the morphospecies’ ranges in the U.S.A. and Mexico, we conducted a detailed phylogeographic study. Remarkably, our results indicate that one of the GCD lineage pairs has experienced a dramatic range expansion, despite the genetic load and fitness costs of the GCD system. Our analyses also reveal a complex pattern of vicariance and dispersal in Pogonomyrmex harvester ants that is largely concordant with models of late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene range shifts among various arid-adapted taxa in North America.

ContributorsMott, Brendon (Author) / Gadau, Juergen (Author) / Anderson, Kirk E. (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2015-07-01
128253-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

The number and variety of connectivity estimation methods is likely to continue to grow over the coming decade. Comparisons between methods are necessary to prune this growth to only the most accurate and robust methods. However, the nature of connectivity is elusive with different methods potentially attempting to identify different

The number and variety of connectivity estimation methods is likely to continue to grow over the coming decade. Comparisons between methods are necessary to prune this growth to only the most accurate and robust methods. However, the nature of connectivity is elusive with different methods potentially attempting to identify different aspects of connectivity. Commonalities of connectivity definitions across methods upon which base direct comparisons can be difficult to derive. Here, we explicitly define “effective connectivity” using a common set of observation and state equations that are appropriate for three connectivity methods: dynamic causal modeling (DCM), multivariate autoregressive modeling (MAR), and switching linear dynamic systems for fMRI (sLDSf). In addition while deriving this set, we show how many other popular functional and effective connectivity methods are actually simplifications of these equations. We discuss implications of these connections for the practice of using one method to simulate data for another method. After mathematically connecting the three effective connectivity methods, simulated fMRI data with varying numbers of regions and task conditions is generated from the common equation. This simulated data explicitly contains the type of the connectivity that the three models were intended to identify. Each method is applied to the simulated data sets and the accuracy of parameter identification is analyzed. All methods perform above chance levels at identifying correct connectivity parameters. The sLDSf method was superior in parameter estimation accuracy to both DCM and MAR for all types of comparisons.

ContributorsSmith, Jason F. (Author) / Chen, Kewei (Author) / Pillai, Ajay S. (Author) / Horwitz, Barry (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2013-05-14
128984-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Background: Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and have been shown to have reduced cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRgl) in the same brain areas frequently affected in AD. These individuals also exhibit reduced plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) attributed to

Background: Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and have been shown to have reduced cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRgl) in the same brain areas frequently affected in AD. These individuals also exhibit reduced plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) attributed to a specific decrease in the apoE4 isoform as determined by quantification of individual apoE isoforms in APOE ε4 heterozygotes. Whether low plasma apoE levels are associated with structural and functional brain measurements and cognitive performance remains to be investigated.

Methods: Using quantitative mass spectrometry we quantified the plasma levels of total apoE and the individual apoE3 and apoE4 isoforms in 128 cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals included in the Arizona APOE cohort. All included individuals had undergone extensive neuropsychological testing and 25 had in addition undergone FDG-PET and MRI to determine CMRgl and regional gray matter volume (GMV).

Results: Our results demonstrated higher apoE4 levels in females versus males and an age-dependent increase in the apoE3 isoform levels in females only. Importantly, a higher relative ratio of apoE4 over apoE3 was associated with GMV loss in the right posterior cingulate and with reduced CMRgl bilaterally in the anterior cingulate and in the right hippocampal area. Additional exploratory analysis revealed several negative associations between total plasma apoE, individual apoE isoform levels, GMV and CMRgl predominantly in the frontal, occipital and temporal areas. Finally, our results indicated only weak associations between apoE plasma levels and cognitive performance which further appear to be affected by sex.

Conclusions: Our study proposes a sex-dependent and age-dependent variation in plasma apoE isoform levels and concludes that peripheral apoE levels are associated with GMV, CMRgl and possibly cognitive performance in cognitively healthy individuals with a genetic predisposition to AD.

ContributorsNielsen, Henrietta M. (Author) / Chen, Kewei (Author) / Lee, Wendy (Author) / Chen, Yinghua (Author) / Bauer, Robert (Author) / Reiman, Eric (Author) / Caselli, Richard (Author) / Bu, Guojun (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2016-12-21
128935-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Background: We introduced a hypometabolic convergence index (HCI) to characterize in a single measurement the extent to which a person’s fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomogram (FDG PET) corresponds to that in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) gene dose is associated with three levels of risk for late-onset AD. We

Background: We introduced a hypometabolic convergence index (HCI) to characterize in a single measurement the extent to which a person’s fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomogram (FDG PET) corresponds to that in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) gene dose is associated with three levels of risk for late-onset AD. We explored the association between gene dose and HCI in cognitively normal ε4 homozygotes, heterozygotes, and non-carriers.

Methods: An algorithm was used to characterize and compare AD-related HCIs in cognitively normal individuals, including 36 ε4 homozygotes, 46 heterozygotes, and 78 non-carriers.

Results: These three groups differed significantly in their HCIs (ANOVA, p = 0.004), and there was a significant association between HCIs and gene dose (linear trend, p = 0.001).

Conclusions: The HCI is associated with three levels of genetic risk for late-onset AD. This supports the possibility of using a single FDG PET measurement to help in the preclinical detection and tracking of AD.

ContributorsSchraml, Frank (Author) / Chen, Kewei (Author) / Ayutyanont, Napatkamon (Author) / Auttawut, Roontiva (Author) / Langbaum, Jessica B. S. (Author) / Lee, Wendy (Author) / Liu, Xiaofen (Author) / Bandy, Dan (Author) / Reeder, Stephanie Q. (Author) / Alexander, Gene E. (Author) / Caselli, Richard J. (Author) / Fleisher, Adam S. (Author) / Reiman, Eric M. (Author) / Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (Project) (Contributor)
Created2013-06-26
128472-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

A central goal of biology is to uncover the genetic basis for the origin of new phenotypes. A particularly effective approach is to examine the genomic architecture of species that have secondarily lost a phenotype with respect to their close relatives. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, queens and workers have divergent

A central goal of biology is to uncover the genetic basis for the origin of new phenotypes. A particularly effective approach is to examine the genomic architecture of species that have secondarily lost a phenotype with respect to their close relatives. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, queens and workers have divergent phenotypes that may be produced via either expression of alternative sets of caste-specific genes and pathways or differences in expression patterns of a shared set of multifunctional genes. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, we investigated how secondary loss of the worker phenotype in workerless ant social parasites impacted genome evolution across two independent origins of social parasitism in the ant genera Pogonomyrmex and Vollenhovia. We sequenced the genomes of three social parasites and their most-closely related eusocial host species and compared gene losses in social parasites with gene expression differences between host queens and workers. Virtually all annotated genes were expressed to some degree in both castes of the host, with most shifting in queen-worker bias across developmental stages. As a result, despite >1 My of divergence from the last common ancestor that had workers, the social parasites showed strikingly little evidence of gene loss, damaging mutations, or shifts in selection regime resulting from loss of the worker caste. This suggests that regulatory changes within a multifunctional genome, rather than sequence differences, have played a predominant role in the evolution of social parasitism, and perhaps also in the many gains and losses of phenotypes in the social insects.

ContributorsSmith, Chris R. (Author) / Helms Cahan, Sara (Author) / Kemena, Carsten (Author) / Brady, Sean G. (Author) / Yang, Wei (Author) / Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (Author) / Eriksson, Ti (Author) / Gadau, Juergen (Author) / Helmkampf, Martin (Author) / Gotzek, Dietrich (Author) / Okamoto Miyakawa, Misato (Author) / Suarez, Andrew V. (Author) / Mikheyev, Alexander (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2015-07-29
128763-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Purpose: PET (positron emission tomography) imaging researches of functional metabolism using fluorodeoxyglucose ([superscript 18]F-FDG) of animal brain are important in neuroscience studies. FDG-PET imaging studies are often performed on groups of rats, so it is desirable to establish an objective voxel-based statistical methodology for group data analysis.

Material and Methods: This study establishes

Purpose: PET (positron emission tomography) imaging researches of functional metabolism using fluorodeoxyglucose ([superscript 18]F-FDG) of animal brain are important in neuroscience studies. FDG-PET imaging studies are often performed on groups of rats, so it is desirable to establish an objective voxel-based statistical methodology for group data analysis.

Material and Methods: This study establishes a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) toolbox (plug-ins) named spmratIHEP for voxel-wise analysis of FDG-PET images of rat brain, in which an FDG-PET template and an intracranial mask image of rat brain in Paxinos & Watson space were constructed, and the default settings were modified according to features of rat brain. Compared to previous studies, our constructed rat brain template comprises not only the cerebrum and cerebellum, but also the whole olfactory bulb which made the later cognitive studies much more exhaustive. And with an intracranial mask image in the template space, the brain tissues of individuals could be extracted automatically. Moreover, an atlas space is used for anatomically labeling the functional findings in the Paxinos & Watson space. In order to standardize the template image with the atlas accurately, a synthetic FDG-PET image with six main anatomy structures is constructed from the atlas, which performs as a target image in the co-registration.

Results: The spatial normalization procedure is evaluated, by which the individual rat brain images could be standardized into the Paxinos & Watson space successfully and the intracranial tissues could also be extracted accurately. The practical usability of this toolbox is evaluated using FDG-PET functional images from rats with left side middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in comparison to normal control rats. And the two-sample t-test statistical result is almost related to the left side MCA.

Conclusion: We established a toolbox of SPM8 named spmratIHEP for voxel-wise analysis of FDG-PET images of rat brain.

ContributorsNie, Binbin (Author) / Liu, Hua (Author) / Chen, Kewei (Author) / Jiang, Xiaofeng (Author) / Shan, Baoci (Author) / College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Contributor)
Created2014-09-26
127954-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

Cerebral small-vessel damage manifests as white matter hyperintensities and cerebral atrophy on brain MRI and is associated with aging, cognitive decline and dementia. We sought to examine the interrelationship of these imaging biomarkers and the influence of hypertension in older individuals. We used a multivariate spatial covariance neuroimaging technique to

Cerebral small-vessel damage manifests as white matter hyperintensities and cerebral atrophy on brain MRI and is associated with aging, cognitive decline and dementia. We sought to examine the interrelationship of these imaging biomarkers and the influence of hypertension in older individuals. We used a multivariate spatial covariance neuroimaging technique to localize the effects of white matter lesion load on regional gray matter volume and assessed the role of blood pressure control, age and education on this relationship. Using a case-control design matching for age, gender, and educational attainment we selected 64 participants with normal blood pressure, controlled hypertension or uncontrolled hypertension from the Northern Manhattan Study cohort. We applied gray matter voxel-based morphometry with the scaled subprofile model to (1) identify regional covariance patterns of gray matter volume differences associated with white matter lesion load, (2) compare this relationship across blood pressure groups, and (3) relate it to cognitive performance. In this group of participants aged 60–86 years, we identified a pattern of reduced gray matter volume associated with white matter lesion load in bilateral temporal-parietal regions with relative preservation of volume in the basal forebrain, thalami and cingulate cortex. This pattern was expressed most in the uncontrolled hypertension group and least in the normotensives, but was also more evident in older and more educated individuals. Expression of this pattern was associated with worse performance in executive function and memory. In summary, white matter lesions from small-vessel disease are associated with a regional pattern of gray matter atrophy that is mitigated by blood pressure control, exacerbated by aging, and associated with cognitive performance.

ContributorsKern, Kyle C. (Author) / Wright, Clinton B. (Author) / Bergfield, Kaitlin L. (Author) / Fitzhugh, Megan C. (Author) / Chen, Kewei (Author) / Moeller, James R. (Author) / Nabizadeh, Nooshin (Author) / Elkind, Mitchell S. V. (Author) / Sacco, Ralph L. (Author) / Stern, Yaakov (Author) / DeCarli, Charles S. (Author) / Alexander, Gene E. (Author) / Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering (Contributor)
Created2017-05-15