Matching Items (20)
Description
In the present research, two interventions were developed to increase sun protection in young women. The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of intervention content eliciting strong emotional responses to visual images depicting photoaging and skin cancer, specifically fear and disgust, coupled with a message of self-efficacy and benefits of sun protection (the F intervention) with an intervention that did not contain an emotional arousal component (the E intervention). Further, these two intervention conditions were compared to a control condition that contained an emotional arousal component that elicited emotion unrelated to the threat of skin cancer or photoaging (the C control condition). A longitudinal study design was employed, to examine the effects of condition immediately following the intervention, and to examine sun protection behavior 2 weeks after the intervention. A total of 352 undergraduate women at Arizona State University were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions (F n = 148, E n = 73, C n = 131). Several psychosocial constructs, including benefits of sun protection, susceptibility to and severity of photoaging and sun exposure, self-efficacy beliefs of making sun protection a daily habit, and barriers to sun protection were measured before and immediately following the intervention. Sun protection behavior was measured two weeks later. Those in the full intervention reported higher self-efficacy and severity of photoaging at immediate posttest than those in the efficacy only and control conditions. The fit of several path models was tested to explore underlying mechanisms by which the intervention affected sun protection behavior. Experienced emotion, specifically fear and disgust, predicted susceptibility and severity, which in turn predicted anticipated regret of failing to use sun protection. The relationship between this overall threat component (experienced emotion, susceptibility, severity, and anticipated regret) and intentions to engage in sun protection behavior was mediated by benefits. The present research provided evidence of the effectiveness of threat specific emotional arousal coupled with a self-efficacy and benefits message in interventions to increase sun protection. Further, this research provided additional support for the inclusion of both experienced and anticipated emotion in models of health behavior.
ContributorsMoser, Stephanie E (Author) / Aiken, Leona S. (Thesis advisor) / Shiota, Michelle N. (Committee member) / Kwan, Sau (Committee member) / Castro, Felipe (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2011
Description
Background
Obese Latino adolescents are disproportionately impacted by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is an intermediate stage in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and represents a critical opportunity for intervention. However, to date, no diabetes prevention studies have been conducted in obese Latino youth with prediabetes, a highly vulnerable and underserved group. Therefore, we propose a randomized-controlled trial to test the short-term (6-month) and long-term (12-month) efficacy of a culturally-grounded, lifestyle intervention, as compared to usual care, for improving glucose tolerance and reducing diabetes risk in 120 obese Latino adolescents with prediabetes.
Methods
Participants will be randomized to a lifestyle intervention or usual care group. Participants in the intervention group will attend weekly nutrition and wellness sessions and physical activity sessions twice a week for six months, followed by three months of booster sessions. The overall approach of the intervention is framed within a multilevel Ecodevelopmental model that leverages community, family, peer, and individual factors during the critical transition period of adolescence. The intervention is also guided by Social Cognitive Theory and employs key behavioral modification strategies to enhance self-efficacy and foster social support for making and sustaining healthy behavior changes. We will test intervention effects on quality of life, explore the potential mediating effects of changes in body composition, total, regional, and organ fat on improving glucose tolerance and increasing insulin sensitivity, and estimate the initial incremental cost effectiveness of the intervention as compared with usual care for improving glucose tolerance.
Discussion
The proposed trial builds upon extant collaborations of a transdisciplinary team of investigators working in concert with local community agencies to address critical gaps in how diabetes prevention interventions for obese Latino youth are developed, implemented and evaluated. This innovative approach is an essential step in the development of scalable, cost-effective, solution oriented programs to prevent type 2 diabetes in this and other populations of high-risk youth.
Obese Latino adolescents are disproportionately impacted by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is an intermediate stage in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and represents a critical opportunity for intervention. However, to date, no diabetes prevention studies have been conducted in obese Latino youth with prediabetes, a highly vulnerable and underserved group. Therefore, we propose a randomized-controlled trial to test the short-term (6-month) and long-term (12-month) efficacy of a culturally-grounded, lifestyle intervention, as compared to usual care, for improving glucose tolerance and reducing diabetes risk in 120 obese Latino adolescents with prediabetes.
Methods
Participants will be randomized to a lifestyle intervention or usual care group. Participants in the intervention group will attend weekly nutrition and wellness sessions and physical activity sessions twice a week for six months, followed by three months of booster sessions. The overall approach of the intervention is framed within a multilevel Ecodevelopmental model that leverages community, family, peer, and individual factors during the critical transition period of adolescence. The intervention is also guided by Social Cognitive Theory and employs key behavioral modification strategies to enhance self-efficacy and foster social support for making and sustaining healthy behavior changes. We will test intervention effects on quality of life, explore the potential mediating effects of changes in body composition, total, regional, and organ fat on improving glucose tolerance and increasing insulin sensitivity, and estimate the initial incremental cost effectiveness of the intervention as compared with usual care for improving glucose tolerance.
Discussion
The proposed trial builds upon extant collaborations of a transdisciplinary team of investigators working in concert with local community agencies to address critical gaps in how diabetes prevention interventions for obese Latino youth are developed, implemented and evaluated. This innovative approach is an essential step in the development of scalable, cost-effective, solution oriented programs to prevent type 2 diabetes in this and other populations of high-risk youth.
ContributorsSoltero, Erica (Author) / Konopken, Yolanda P. (Author) / Olson, Micah (Author) / Keller, Colleen (Author) / Castro, Felipe (Author) / Williams, Allison (Author) / Patrick, Donald L. (Author) / Ayers, Stephanie (Author) / Hu, Houchun H. (Author) / Sandoval, Matthew (Author) / Pimentel, Janiel (Author) / Knowler, William C. (Author) / Frick, Kevin D. (Author) / Shaibi, Gabriel (Author) / Arizona State University. College of Nursing & Healthcare Innovation (Contributor) / Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Contributor) / College of Public Service and Community Solutions (Contributor) / Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center (Contributor) / School of Social Work (Contributor)
Created2017-03-16
Description
Background: Inadequate hydration can have several adverse effects on health. In children, it can negatively affect their health and cognitive performance. The effects of fruits and vegetables on the hydration of children have not been adequately studied. This study included 177 children in this age group and examined the contribution of fruits and vegetables (F&V) on total water intake (TWI).
Methods: Two-day dietary and fluid intake records as well as 24-h urine samples were collected from 177 children over different weekends. The dietary records were analyzed with Nutrition Data System for Research to obtain TWI from food (TWI-F) as well as TWI from fruits and vegetables (TWI-FV). The fluid intake data was used to determine TWI from liquids (TWI-L). The urine samples were analyzed for volume (UVol), urine osmolality (UOsm), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (UCol) to examine hydration. Age was categorized into 3, 4-8, and 9-13 y based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
Results: About 52% of the children did not meet water intake recommendations by IOM and 39.8% of the children were underhydrated based on elevated urine osmolality. The average TWI was found to be 1,911± 70 mL. TWI-F was observed to be 492±257 mL, while TWI-L was 1,419±702 mL. TWI-FV only contributed 200±144 mL. As expected TWI was significantly higher in the older children (9-13 y) than children in other age group (3 and 4-8 y). The average UVol was 709±445 mL, USG was 1.019±0.006, UOsm was 701±233 mOsm·kg-1, and UCol was a 3±1 (based on the urine color chart). Only urine volume seemed to be influenced by the age of the children as it was significantly higher for the children in the 9-13 y age group.
Conclusion: Nearly half of the children did not meet water recommendations by IOM and were underhydrated. Fruits and vegetables did not have a significant contribution to TWI. Dietary interventions to increase F&V consumption, lower consumption of SSB, as well as maintain proper hydration may benefit the health of children.
Methods: Two-day dietary and fluid intake records as well as 24-h urine samples were collected from 177 children over different weekends. The dietary records were analyzed with Nutrition Data System for Research to obtain TWI from food (TWI-F) as well as TWI from fruits and vegetables (TWI-FV). The fluid intake data was used to determine TWI from liquids (TWI-L). The urine samples were analyzed for volume (UVol), urine osmolality (UOsm), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (UCol) to examine hydration. Age was categorized into 3, 4-8, and 9-13 y based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
Results: About 52% of the children did not meet water intake recommendations by IOM and 39.8% of the children were underhydrated based on elevated urine osmolality. The average TWI was found to be 1,911± 70 mL. TWI-F was observed to be 492±257 mL, while TWI-L was 1,419±702 mL. TWI-FV only contributed 200±144 mL. As expected TWI was significantly higher in the older children (9-13 y) than children in other age group (3 and 4-8 y). The average UVol was 709±445 mL, USG was 1.019±0.006, UOsm was 701±233 mOsm·kg-1, and UCol was a 3±1 (based on the urine color chart). Only urine volume seemed to be influenced by the age of the children as it was significantly higher for the children in the 9-13 y age group.
Conclusion: Nearly half of the children did not meet water recommendations by IOM and were underhydrated. Fruits and vegetables did not have a significant contribution to TWI. Dietary interventions to increase F&V consumption, lower consumption of SSB, as well as maintain proper hydration may benefit the health of children.
ContributorsJohal, Ramanpreet Kaur (Author) / Kavouras, Stavros (Thesis director) / Suh, HyunGyu (Committee member) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2020-05
Description
The human body has temperature-regulating mechanisms working to maintain body core temperature around 37°C. This ensures optimal bodily function. Disruption to core temperature however, initiates a cascade of events to return to baseline. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cooling strategies to induce the fastest reductions in core temperature. The study was set up as a randomized field study. Core temperature was measured using an E-Celsius core temperature capsule. Environmental conditions were measured using a Kestrel heat stress tracker. Following completion of a heat-stress protocol, participants underwent one of the four randomized cooling protocols. These cooling protocols consisted of: 1) wearing an ice vest (18°C), 2) applying an icy towel directly to the back of the neck (24°C) in combination with hand/forearm water immersion (15°C), 3) a combination of ice vest, icy towel and hand/forearm water immersion, or 4) sitting in a thermoneutral room (20°C). In all cooling interventions, participants consumed 16oz of an ice slurry (0°C) within 10 minutes of the initiation of the protocol. The control group consumed only room temperature water- ad libitum. A total of 10 active males (25 ± 3 years old) reported no difference between baseline body core temperatures after each heating intervention (P=0.23). Average core temperature and heart rate differed, though not statistically significant between treatments (P>0.05). No significant differences were noted between cooling rates (P=0.51). Skin temperature (Tsk) average and decrement was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001).
ContributorsCaballero, Rachel (Author) / Wardenaar, Floris (Thesis advisor) / Kavouras, Stavros (Committee member) / Vanos, Jennifer (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Dehydration during and after exercise is prevalent in athletes. Due to a thirst mechanism that does not entirely replenish total body water lost during exercise, it is crucial to rehydrate efficiently with sufficient fluids and electrolytes to retain fluid intake. The study aimed to observe the effectiveness of rehydration with different commercially available drinks and plain water. The rehydration was assessed over 4 hours after a 2% exercise-induced dehydration in the heat. Rehydration was equal to 150% of fluid loss via exercise and was administered in four equal doses during the first 60 minutes of the rehydration period. The average exercise-induced dehydration was 2.11 ± 0.4%. The high sodium and potassium-containing drink, GoodSport, had significantly better rehydration at the four-hour time point (-0.44 ± .21) than in Gatorade (-0.71 ± 0.16; P = 0.0273), Body Armor (-1.00 ± 0.5; P < 0.0001), and water (-0.88 ± 0.39; P = 0.0015). Similarly, GoodSport resulted in lower urinary output than the other drinks. Results from this study indicate that the intake of a high sodium and potassium-containing sports drink after exercise improves net fluid balance more than drinks with lower electrolyte concentrations.
ContributorsBoro, Tanner (Author) / Kavouras, Stavros (Thesis advisor) / Wardenaar, Floris (Committee member) / Siegler, Jason (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Sweat evaporation is fundamental to human thermoregulation, yet our knowledge of the microscale sweat droplet evaporation dynamics is very limited. To study sweat droplet evaporation, a reliable way to measure sweat evaporation rate from skin and simultaneously image the droplet dynamics through midwave infrared thermography (MWIR) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) is required. Ventilated capsule is a common device employed for measuring sweat evaporation rates in physiological studies. However, existing designs of ventilated capsules with cylindrical flow chambers create unrealistic flow conditions that include flow separation and swirling. To address this problem, this thesis introduces a ventilated capsule with rectangular sweat evaporation area preceded by a diffuser section with geometry based on wind tunnel design guidelines. To allow for OCT or MWIR imaging, a provision to install an acrylic or a sapphire window directly over the exposed skin surface being measured is incorporated in the design. In addition to the capsule, a simplified artificial sweating surface that can supply water in a filmwise, single or multiple droplet form was developed. The performance of the capsule is demonstrated using the artificial sweating surface along with example MWIR imaging.
ContributorsRamesh, Rajesh (Author) / Rykaczewski, Konrad (Thesis advisor) / Kavouras, Stavros (Committee member) / Phelan, Patrick (Committee member) / Burke, Richard (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this project was to discover how expert nurse faculty teach noticing
and cue recognition skills to undergraduate nursing students. The current health care
environment is complex, requiring new nurses to apply sound clinical judgment for safe
patient care. New nurses often struggle with the first phase of clinical judgment, which
includes noticing or cue recognition. Nurse educators often say that they teach clinical
judgment skills, however specific guidelines to accomplish this task are limited.
This study employed a qualitative exploratory descriptive design. Expert nursing
faculty (N=18) from across the USA were nominated by peers and participated in semistructured interviews in person or via webinar. Interviews were recorded, transcribed,
verified, and then coded using open and axial coding procedures in a grounded theory
approach. Themes were confirmed by three educators with experience in teaching clinical
judgment.
Fifteen themes emerged. Faculty employed a variety of methods to teach cue
recognition skills. In the clinical setting, faculty reported using orientation to the
environment, Socratic questioning, role modeling, guidance in cue collection, and open
discussion. Faculty teaching in simulation settings reported manipulating cues to reflect
real time consequences of missing cues and manipulating cues based on best available
evidence related to the scenarios.
Authentic clinical environments and human patient simulation provide
opportunities for undergraduate nursing students to learn cue recognition and noticing
skills. However, students need the support of nurse educators to guide their learning and
maintain overall safety. Expert nurse faculty possess a wealth of knowledge in how to teach
clinical judgment. Nurse educators reported using methods suitable across settings and
methods specific to clinical or simulation settings. The methods and strategies that expert
nurse educators reported for supporting students in clinical judgment can be used to build
and refine professional development programs for novice and continuing nurse educators.
ContributorsPoledna, Mari Christina (Author) / Hagler, Debbie (Thesis advisor) / Castro, Felipe (Thesis advisor) / O'Brien, Janet (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of tap water safety perceptions on plain water intake (PWI) and hydration status in US Latinx adults. Participants (n=492; age, 28±7 y; 37.4% female) completed an Adapted Survey of Water Issues in Arizona and household watersecurity experience-based scales. A sub-sample (n=55; age, 33±14 y; body mass index, 27.77±6.60 kg·m2) completed dietary recalls on two weekdays and one weekend day via Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool to determine average PWI and total water intake (TWI). A 24-h urine sample was collected on one recall day and analyzed for urine osmolality (UOsm). Binary logistic regression determined odds ratios (OR) for the odds of perceiving tap water to be unsafe. Hierarchical linear regression was employed with 24-h UOsm and PWI as primary outcomes for the sub-sample. Overall, 51.2% of all participants and 52.7% of the sub-sample mistrust their tap water safety. The odds of mistrusting tap water were significantly greater (P<0.05) for each additional favorable perception of bottled over tap water (OR=1.94, 95% CI=1.50, 2.50), each additional negative home tap water experience (OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.12, 1.56), each additional use of alternatives and/or modifications to home tap water (OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.04, 1.51), and decreased water quality and acceptability (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.01, 1.45). The odds of mistrusting tap water were significantly lower (P<0.05) for those whose primary source of drinking water is the public supply (municipal) (OR=0.07, 95% CI=0.01, 0.63) and for those with decreased water access (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.48, 0.66). There were no differences (n=55, P>0.05) in TWI (2,678±1,139 mL), PWI (1,357±971), or 24-h UOsm (460±234 mosm·kg-1). Tap water safety perceptions did not significantly explain variance in PWI or 24-h UOsm (P > 0.05). In conclusion, Latinx mistrust in tap water safety is prevalent. Mistrust appears to be influenced by organoleptic perceptions and to lead to reliance on alternatives to the home drinking water system. Perceptions of tap water safety do not appear to be related to PWI, TWI, or hydration status in Latinx adults.
ContributorsColburn, Abigail (Author) / Kavouras, Stavros (Thesis advisor) / Buman, Matthew (Committee member) / Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam (Committee member) / Vega-Lopez, Sonia (Committee member) / Wutich, Amber (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Heat acclimatization can be induced by targeting a core temperature 38.5°C for at least 60 minutes per day lasting 5 to 21 days, complementary to normal exercise activity. However, consistently meeting this threshold on consecutive days may be difficult for athletes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four single-bout heating protocols to reach a core temperature 38.5°C. The study was set up as a non-randomized field study, factoring in the September-October outdoor desert conditions, Tempe, AZ, USA. Environmental conditions were measured using a Kestrel heat stress tracker. Protocols were constituted out of 3 elements: PAS – passive heat exposure in a tent (54±1°C), EH - exercise in hot condition with high intensity interval training (HIIT) outdoors in the heat in a tent with a ventilator (43±1°C), EM – exercise in moderate conditions with HIIT indoors (22±0.4°C). All participants performed protocols in the following order: 1) PAS 60-min; 2) EH-PAS (EH 30-min + PAS 30-min); 3) EH 60-min, and 4) EM 60-min. A cycle ergometer was used for HIIT (2-min warm-up followed by 7x2-min sprints with 2-min relative rest between sprints during the first 30 min and stationary cycling for the second 30 min), with a self-selected workload at 80-100 rpm and similar heart rate (HR) response during exercise testing for EH: 146±10, EM: 142±13, and EH-PAS: 142±13 (P>0.05). A total of 10 active male students (25±3 years old) reported no difference between protocols for baseline Tc (P=0.37) and HR (P=0.28). During the first 30-min, Tc was significantly different between protocols (average ranging from 37.3-37.6°C, P=0.01), but from a practical perspective, differences were limited. During the second 30-min session, the Tc for EH (38.5±0.4°C) and EH-PAS (38.6±0.4°C) were significantly higher from EM (38.1±0.4°C) and PAS alone (37.8±0.4°C), P<0.001. The average HR (bpm) was significantly lower in PAS (110±17) and EH (136±13) during the second half of the protocols compared to the EH (151±10) and EM (149±16), P<0.001. In conclusion, exercise alone vs. a combination of exercise and passive heating in hot conditions resulted both in a body temperature 38.5°C, but the combination was more efficient since participants exercised for only 30-minutes.
ContributorsNavarro, Sonia (Author) / Wardenaar, Floris (Thesis advisor) / Kavouras, Stavros (Committee member) / Vanos, Jennifer (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) disrupt military women’s service obligations and health. Females are more susceptible to UTIs due to their unique anatomical features and hormone fluctuations affecting vaginal flora. During phase 1 of the menstrual cycle (onset of bleeding, menstrual cycle days 1-5), estrogen levels significantly decrease and inhibit the growth of lactobacilli, good bacteria that are essential in warding off harmful bacteria and infections, particularly pathogens of UTIs. To reduce UTI onset, it is recommended to frequently urinate with sufficient urine void volume to facilitate washing out harmful bacteria from the bladder and urethra. While menstruating, increased fluid consumption to support urination frequency and void volume may be critical, as the urethra and urinary tract are more predisposed to pathogenic bacteria found. Yet, there is a lack of research investigating the impact of hydration on urinary tract health during menstruation. The study sought to examine the effects of increased water fluid intake on the uropathogenic bacterial activity of underhydrated menstruating premenopausal females. Thirteen females underwent a 2x2 randomized crossover trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a) additional 1.89 L of water fluid intake and b) maintain habitual fluid intake on two subsequent phase 1 menses. At each phase 1 menses, fluid intake was gathered on days 2 and 5 to determine the fluid amount consumed. First-morning urinations on days 3 and 6 assessed urogenital bacterial activity. Combining data collection days 2 and 5 per intervention (INT) and control (CON), the mean±SD for total fluid intake was INT 2.99±1.05 and CON 1.85±0.89, resulting in a 62% increase, p< 0.001, η2= 0.459. For days 2 and 5, a 48% and 80% increase in total fluid in from CON to INT was found, ps< 0.01. However, only four cultures detected uropathogenic bacteria from four participants, with no patterns between conditions or days, making it difficult to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Though the intervention results were undetermined, military women’s hydration, menstruation, and urinary tract health remain prominent health concerns. Efforts to assess their fluid consumption and urination behaviors during menstruation and UTI risks are warranted.
ContributorsVento, Kaila Ann (Author) / Wardenaar, Floris C (Thesis advisor) / Johnston, Carol (Committee member) / Kavouras, Stavros (Committee member) / Koskan, Alexis (Committee member) / Lynch, Heidi (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022