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Population growth and fresh water depletion challenge drinking water utilities. Surface water quality is impacted significantly by climate variability, human activities, and extreme events like natural disasters. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important water quality index and the precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that varies with both hydrologic and anthropogenic factors. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a best available technology for utilities to meet Stage 2 D/DBP rule compliance and to remove contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) (e.g., pharmaceutical, personal care products (PCPs), etc.). Utilities can operate GAC with more efficient and flexible strategies with the understanding of organic occurrence in source water and a model capable predicting DOC occurrence. In this dissertation, it was found that DOC loading significantly correlated with spring runoff and was intensified by dry-duration antecedent to first flush. Dynamic modeling based on reservoir management (e.g., pump-back operation) was established to simulate the DOC transport in the reservoir system. Additionally, summer water recreational activities were found to raise the level of PCPs, especially skin-applied products, in raw waters. GAC was examined in this dissertation for both carbonaceous and emerging nitrogenous DBP (N-DBP) precursors (i.e., dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)) removal. Based on the experimental findings, GAC preferentially removes UV254-absorbing material, and DOC is preferentially removed over DON which may be composed primarily of hydrophilic organic and results in the low affinity for adsorption by GAC. The presence of organic nitrogen can elevate the toxicity of DBPs by forming N-DBPs, and this could be a major drawback for facilities considering installation of a GAC adsorber owing to the poor removal efficiency of DON by GAC. A modeling approach was established for predicting DOC and DON breakthrough during GAC operation. However, installation of GAC adsorber is a burden for utilities with respect to operational and maintenance cost. It is common for utilities to regenerate saturated GAC in order to save the cost of purchasing fresh GAC. The traditional thermal regeneration technology for saturated GAC is an energy intensive process requiring high temperature of incineration. Additionally, small water treatment sites usually ship saturated GAC to specialized facilities for regeneration increasing the already significant carbon footprint of thermal regeneration. An innovative GAC regeneration technique was investigated in this dissertation for the feasibility as on-site water treatment process. Virgin GAC was first saturated by organic contaminant then regenerated in-situ by iron oxide nanocatalysts mixed with hydrogen peroxide. At least 70 % of adsorption capacity of GAC can be regenerated repeatedly for experiments using modeling compound (phenol) or natural organic matter (Suwannee River humic acid). The regeneration efficiency increases with increasing adsorbate concentration. Used-iron nanocatalysts can be recovered repeatedly without significant loss of catalytic ability. This in-situ regeneration technique provides cost and energy efficient solution for water utilities considering GAC installation. Overall, patterns were found for DOC and CEC variations in drinking water sources. Increasing concentrations of bulk (DOC and DON) and/or trace organics challenge GAC operation in utilities that have limited numbers of bed-volume treated before regeneration is required. In-situ regeneration using iron nanocatalysts and hydrogen peroxide provides utilities an alternative energy-efficient operation mode when considering installation of GAC adsorber.
ContributorsChiu, Chao-An (Author) / Westerhoff, Paul (Thesis advisor) / Rittmann, Bruce (Committee member) / Hristovski, Kiril (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2012