Many women are subject to role conflict. Between participating in their jobs and social expectations about duties as a mother, they might experience considerable stress trying to fulfill both those demanding roles. Data was analyzed from 182,617 women in 38 low- and middle-income countries from MICS surveys, using linear regression to examine how a number of children and working status interact to predict life satisfaction and happiness. Having more children was almost always associated with lower life satisfaction and happiness. The only exception was that among women who worked, more children to a point was associated with greater life satisfaction. Notably, work had different associations with emotional well-being depending on how it was measured. Having a job was generally associated with lower happiness, but greater life satisfaction. There is little evidence of an interaction between work and children indicating role conflict. Indeed, for life satisfaction, working seems to counteract the negative effect of having more children. Determining how large the effect of having both children and jobs are in women's lives can help determine the burden placed on women today and how that burden can be alleviated.
modern concerns for school safety suggest there is a need for more police officers in
schools. Over the last 70 years of School Resource Officer (SRO) programs, the variations
of SRO program implementation and the expectation of roles and responsibilities has
produced conflicting research on benefits or harms of police in the school environment.
The purpose of police in schools has shuffled from relationship-building ambassadors for
the community, to educators on crime prevention and drug use, to law enforcement
officers for punitive juvenile sanctions, to counselors and role models for legal
socialization, and other roles for emergency management and crisis response. Plans to
place more officers in schools for purposes of “school safety” requires an examination of
the SROs’ roles within the school, their interactions with students, and how these roles
and interactions contribute to safety. This study explores the roles of SROs to
understand the variations of roles within a program and understand factors influencing
the roles of SROs (e.g., school climate, initiation by others). To evaluate these roles and
potential influences, cluster analysis and multinomial regression models were developed
from one year of SRO-student interaction data (n=12, 466) collected daily from the
Richland County (SC) Sheriff’s Department SRO Division located in South Carolina.
These interactions were defined by the framework of counseling, educating, and law
enforcing roles. Results indicate the variations of roles performed are largely influenced
by the school type (e.g., elementary), SRO perceptions (e.g., counselor), and the
engagement of SROs by school officials for specific roles.