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- Creators: Department of Psychology
- Creators: Martin, Carol
Description
The present study was designed to extend previous research on early adolescents' involvement in electronic aggression and victimization. A new measure for electronic victimization and aggression was created for this study in order to better assess this type of peer harassment in early adolescence. The first goal of the study was to describe young adolescents' involvement in electronic aggression and victimization by exploring the links between electronic victimization and aggression and (a) youth demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity), (b) involvement in traditional forms of aggression and victimization, and (c) gender of the aggression/victimization context (i.e., same-sex aggressor -victim versus other-sex aggressor- victim dyad). The second goal was to examine how electronic victimization and aggression were associated with self-esteem and relationship efficacy. Participants were 826 (49.9% female) 7th and 8th grade students (M age = 12.5 years old; SD = .67). Students were administered surveys during school hours. Results indicated that girls were more likely to be involved in both electronic aggression and victimization than boys. Further, girls were more likely to be both electronic aggressors and victims simultaneously than boys. Finally, those involved with electronic aggression reported higher levels of relationship efficacy than their peers and involvement as an aggressor/victim was associated with lower self-esteem than any other involvement category.
ContributorsMartin, Melissa (Author) / Updegraff, Kimberly A (Thesis advisor) / Ladd, Becky (Committee member) / Martin, Carol (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2013
Description
Many studies have supported the theory that gain-framed messaging is effective in changing smoking behavior. However, the importance of focusing on long-term positive benefits or short-term positive benefits in this messaging remains a mystery. This study investigated the role that reward-delay within gain-framed messaging has on the self-esteem and behavior of cigarette smokers. Specifically, it sought to answer the question of whether short-term reward-delay messaging is more effective in increasing self-esteem and positive smoking behavior than long-term reward-delay messaging. An intervention was conducted in which participants, 16 female and 17 male, were exposed to either short-term reward-delay information or long-term reward-delay information. Self-esteem scores as well as smoking behavior were measured and compared before and after the intervention. Results from the study showed that participants in the short-term reward-delay group smoked 2 less cigarettes per day and 12 less cigarettes per week on average after the intervention than participants in the long-term reward-delay group. The results were also consistent with the findings of previous studies that suggest females are more heavily influenced by gain-framed messaging than males.
ContributorsHintze, Kellie Elizabeth (Author) / Chisum, Jack W. (Thesis director) / Brown, Carla J. (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / School of Nutrition and Health Promotion (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor)
Created2015-05
Description
This study reports on the interrelations among several domains of gender typing (e.g., masculinity, sexualization, and sexism) as well as their relationships to self-esteem. A group of undergraduates (113 women and 54 men) between the ages of 18-42 were administered online questionnaires asking them about masculinity beliefs, internalized sexualization, sexist beliefs, and self-esteem. A positive relationship was found between masculinity beliefs and hostile sexism. Also, a positive relationship was found between sexualization through self-compromise and self-esteem. These findings differ from relationships found in adolescence, which suggests a developmental change that affects these beliefs in young adults. Implications for understanding gender development in emerging adults are discussed.
ContributorsCobb, Macy Jean (Author) / Martin, Carol (Thesis director) / McKenney, Sarah (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / School of Life Sciences (Contributor)
Created2013-12
Description
This study seeks to explore how women respond to seeing others receive sexual attention, such as catcalling, while they themselves are being ignored. Their emotional reactions and perceptions of situations in relation to self-esteem and social comparison are examined through a survey presenting hypothetical catcalling scenarios.
ContributorsTolan, Catherine (Author) / Moskal, Preston (Co-author) / Fontinha de Alcantara, Christiane (Thesis director) / Ruth, Alissa (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / School of Social Transformation (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor)
Created2022-05
Description
This paper explores the effect of messaging type and reactance on the receptiveness individuals have towards a message meant to boost their self-esteem. A 2 (Messaging: Implicit | Explicit) x 2 (Reactance: High | Low) between-subjects study was conducted to test the hypothesis that an indirect (implicit) message will have the most positive effect on self-esteem when people experience low reactance compared to people who receive direct (explicit) messages and experience high reactance. To test these hypotheses, we recruited 708 psychology students. We found that messaging type did not influence self-esteem, nor a messaging type by reactance condition interaction. However, we found that reactance, when high, had a more positive effect on self-esteem than when low. In conclusion, a message inducing a high reactance is more receptive than a message inducing low reactance.
ContributorsYague, Ndeye (Author) / Han, Jimin (Co-author) / Aktipis, Athena (Thesis director) / Guevara, David (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / College of Health Solutions (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor)
Created2022-05