especially given the increasing numbers of residents choosing to bike and walk. Sharing
the roads with automobiles, these alternative road users are particularly vulnerable to
sustain serious injuries. With this in mind, it is important to identify the factors that
influence the severity of bicyclist and pedestrian injuries in automobile collisions. This
study uses traffic collision data gathered from California Highway Patrol’s Statewide
Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) to predict the most important
determinants of injury severity, given that a collision has occurred. Multivariate binomial
logistic regression models were created for both pedestrian and bicyclist collisions, with
bicyclist/pedestrian/driver characteristics and built environment characteristics used as
the independent variables. Results suggest that bicycle infrastructure is not an important
predictor of bicyclist injury severity, but instead bicyclist age, race, sobriety, and speed
played significant roles. Pedestrian injuries were influenced by pedestrian and driver age
and sobriety, crosswalk use, speed limit, and the type of vehicle at fault in the collision.
Understanding these key determinants that lead to severe and fatal injuries can help
local communities implement appropriate safety measures for their most susceptible
road users.
Shade plays an important role in designing pedestrian-friendly outdoor spaces in hot desert cities. This study investigates the impact of photovoltaic canopy shade and tree shade on thermal comfort through meteorological observations and field surveys at a pedestrian mall on Arizona State University's Tempe campus. During the course of 1 year, on selected clear calm days representative of each season, we conducted hourly meteorological transects from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and surveyed 1284 people about their thermal perception, comfort, and preferences. Shade lowered thermal sensation votes by approximately 1 point on a semantic differential 9-point scale, increasing thermal comfort in all seasons except winter. Shade type (tree or solar canopy) did not significantly impact perceived comfort, suggesting that artificial and natural shades are equally efficient in hot dry climates. Globe temperature explained 51 % of the variance in thermal sensation votes and was the only statistically significant meteorological predictor. Important non-meteorological factors included adaptation, thermal comfort vote, thermal preference, gender, season, and time of day. A regression of subjective thermal sensation on physiological equivalent temperature yielded a neutral temperature of 28.6 °C. The acceptable comfort range was 19.1 °C-38.1 °C with a preferred temperature of 20.8 °C. Respondents exposed to above neutral temperature felt more comfortable if they had been in air-conditioning 5 min prior to the survey, indicating a lagged response to outdoor conditions. Our study highlights the importance of active solar access management in hot urban areas to reduce thermal stress.