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Description
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important part of aquatic foodwebs because it contains carbon, nitrogen, and other elements required by heterotrophic organisms. It has many sources that determine its molecular composition, nutrient content, and biological lability and in turn, influence whether it is retained and processed in the stream reach or exported downstream. I examined the composition of DOM from vascular wetland plants, filamentous algae, and riparian tree leaf litter in Sonoran Desert streams and its decomposition by stream microbes. I used a combination of field observations, in-situ experiments, and a manipulative laboratory incubation to test (1) how dominant primary producers influence DOM chemical composition and ecosystem metabolism at the reach scale and (2) how DOM composition and nitrogen (N) content control microbial decomposition and stream uptake of DOM. I found that differences in streamwater DOM composition between two distinct reaches of Sycamore Creek did not affect in-situ stream respiration and gross primary production rates. Stream sediment microbial respiration rates did not differ significantly when incubated in the laboratory with DOM from wetland plants, algae, and leaf litter, thus all sources were similarly labile. However, whole-stream uptake of DOM increased from leaf to algal to wetland plant leachate. Desert streams have the potential to process DOM from leaf, wetland, and algal sources, though algal and wetland DOM, due to their more labile composition, can be more readily retained and mineralized.
ContributorsKemmitt, Kathrine (Author) / Grimm, Nancy (Thesis advisor) / Hartnett, Hilairy (Committee member) / Throop, Heather (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2018
Description
Stream metabolism is a critical indicator of ecosystem health and connects stream ecology to global change. Hence, understanding the controls of metabolism is essential because streams integrate land use and could be net sources or sinks of carbon dioxide (and methane) to the atmosphere. Eleven aridland streams in the southwestern US (Arizona) across a hydroclimatic and size (watershed area) gradient were surveyed, and gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were modeled and averaged seasonally over a period of 2-4 years. The seasonal averaged GPP went as low as 0.001 g O2m-2d-1 (Ramsey Creek in 1st quarter of 2017) and as high as 14.6 g O2m-2d-1 (Santa Cruz River in 2nd quarter of 2017), whereas that of ER ranged from 0.003 (Ramsey Creek in 1st quarter of 2017) to 20.3 g O2m-2d-1 (Santa Cruz River in 2nd quarter of in 2017). The coefficient of variation (CV) of these GPP estimates within site ranged from 42% (Upper Verde River) to 157% (Wet Beaver Creek), with an average CV of GPP 91%, whereas the CV of ER ranged from 32% (Upper Verde River) to 247% (Ramsey Creek), with an average CV of ER 85%. Among 4 main categories of hypothetical predictors (hydrology, nutrient concentration, local environment, and size) on CV and point measurement of stream metabolism, the following conclusion was made: hydrologic variation only predicted the ER and CV of ER but not the GPP or CV of GPP; light and its CV controlled GPP and its CV, respectively, whereas temperature was one of the controlling factors for ER; CV of nutrient concentration was one of the drivers of CV of GPP, nitrate concentration was correlated with point measurement of GPP and ER while soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration was only relevant to GPP; watershed area was correlated with CV of GPP, while depth mattered to both GPP and ER. My work will enhance our understanding of streams at multiple temporal and spatial scales and ultimately will benefit river management practice.
ContributorsLu, Mengdi (Author) / Grimm, Nancy (Thesis advisor) / Sabo, John (Thesis advisor) / Bang, Christofer (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Primary producers, from algae to trees, play a pivotal role in community structure and ecosystem function. Primary producers vary broadly in their functional traits (i.e., morphological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics), which determine how they respond to stimuli and affect ecosystem properties. Functional traits provide a mechanistic link between environmental conditions, community structure, and ecosystem function. With climate change altering environmental conditions, understanding this mechanistic link is essential for predicting future community structure and ecosystem function. Competitive interactions and trait values in primary producers are often context dependent, whereby changes in environmental conditions and resources alter relationships between species and ecosystem processes. Well-established paradigms concerning how species in a community respond to each other and to environmental conditions may need to be re-evaluated in light of these environmental changes, particularly in highly variable systems. In this dissertation, I examine the role of primary producer functional traits on community structure and ecosystem function. Specifically, I test a conceptual framework that incorporates response traits, effect traits, and their interaction, in affecting primary producer communities and ecosystem function across different aquatic systems. First, I identified species-specific responses to intensifying hydrologic stressors important in controlling wetland plant community composition over time in an aridland stream. Second, I found that effect traits of submerged and emergent vegetation explained differences in ecosystem metabolism and carbon dynamics among permafrost mire thaw ponds. Next, I examined response-effect trait interactions by comparing two dominant wetland plant species over a water-stress gradient, finding that responses to changes in hydrology (i.e., altered tissue chemistry) in turn affect ecosystem processes (i.e., subsurface CO2 concentration). Finally, I demonstrate how indirect effects of diatom functional traits on water chemistry and ecosystem metabolism help explain disconnects between resource availability and productivity in the Colorado River. By expanding my understanding of how metabolic processes and carbon cycling in aquatic ecosystems vary across gradients in hydrology, vegetation, and organic matter, I contributed to my understanding of how communities influence ecosystem processes. A response-effect trait approach to understanding communities and ecosystems undergoing change may aid in predicting and mitigating the repercussions of future climate change.
ContributorsLauck, Marina Diane (Author) / Grimm, Nancy B (Thesis advisor) / Appling, Alison P (Committee member) / Childers, Dan E (Committee member) / Sabo, John L (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022