Matching Items (3)
Description
Marine plastic pollution (MPP) has emerged as one of the most pressing global environmental challenges of the anthropocene. There has been an upsurge in investment to mitigate MPP; however, interventions can be costly, inequitable, and ineffective in achieving their objectives. In my dissertation, I aim to research key considerations for creating cost-effective, equitable mitigation strategies for MPP and its impacts to marine biodiversity and coastal communities. In chapter one, I introduce the challenges plastic pollution poses. In chapter two, I use seascape ecology theory to present the concept of the plastic-scape and describe how seascape ecology principles, methods, and approaches to transdisciplinary science can inform research to mitigate MPP. In chapter three, I present a framework to help decision makers estimate the total cost of MPP interventions and partial costs accrued by stakeholder groups. I then apply this framework to two quantitative case studies and four comparative case studies to exemplify its use and highlight the ways spatial scale, temporal scale, and socio-economic conditions influence the intervention cost and cost distribution. In chapter four, I employ a trait-based approach to produce a framework for developing indices of species vulnerability to macroplastic pollution. Finally, in chapter five, I implement the framework developed in the previous chapter and present a multi-taxonomic, macroplastic vulnerability index for three marine taxa—mammals, birds, and turtles—to identify the marine species most vulnerable to macroplastic pollution in Hawai‘i. Overall, my dissertation shows how policy-driven, systemic research of MPP and its interventions can improve efforts to address MPP and its socio-economic and ecological consequences.
ContributorsMurphy, Erin (Author) / Gerber, Leah R (Thesis advisor) / Polidoro, Beth (Thesis advisor) / Rochman, Chelsea (Committee member) / Dooley, Kevin (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Managing plastic waste is a challenge for a small island nation like American Samoa. As a result, they need access to alternative products that will benefit their environment. The alternative products must also be equally cost-effective for local restaurants in order for them to be a viable option. The study concluded that Polylactic Acid (PLA) was the best material for take-out containers, paper was the best for cups, and wood was the best for utensils. Future research should focus on any other alternatives that become available for shipment to American Samoa, effects caused by an increase in cornstarch-based products (i.e., PLA take-out containers), and the satisfaction of both the restaurants and their customers based on the recommendations provided in this study.
ContributorsDeacon, Kristin (Author) / Polidoro, Beth (Thesis director) / Murphy, Erin (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences (Contributor)
Created2022-05
Description
Several forensic sciences, especially of the pattern-matching kind, are increasingly seen to lack the scientific foundation needed to justify continuing admission as trial evidence. Indeed, several have been abolished in the recent past. A likely next candidate for elimination is bitemark identification. A number of DNA exonerations have occurred in recent years for individuals convicted based on erroneous bitemark identifications. Intense scientific and legal scrutiny has resulted. An important National Academies review found little scientific support for the field. The Texas Forensic Science Commission recently recommended a moratorium on the admission of bitemark expert testimony. The California Supreme Court has a case before it that could start a national dismantling of forensic odontology. This article describes the (legal) basis for the rise of bitemark identification and the (scientific) basis for its impending fall. The article explains the general logic of forensic identification, the claims of bitemark identification, and reviews relevant empirical research on bitemark identification—highlighting both the lack of research and the lack of support provided by what research does exist. The rise and possible fall of bitemark identification evidence has broader implications—highlighting the weak scientific culture of forensic science and the law's difficulty in evaluating and responding to unreliable and unscientific evidence.
ContributorsSaks, Michael (Author) / Albright, Thomas (Author) / Bohan, Thomas L. (Author) / Bierer, Barbara E. (Author) / Bowers, C. Michael (Author) / Bush, Mary A. (Author) / Bush, Peter J. (Author) / Casadevall, Arturo (Author) / Cole, Simon A. (Author) / Denton, M. Bonner (Author) / Seidman Diamond, Shari (Author) / Dioso-Villa, Rachel (Author) / Epstein, Jules (Author) / Faigman, David (Author) / Faigman, Lisa (Author) / Fienberg, Stephen E. (Author) / Garrett, Brandon L. (Author) / Giannelli, Paul C. (Author) / Greely, Henry T. (Author) / Imwinkelried, Edward (Author) / Jamieson, Allan (Author) / Kafadar, Karen (Author) / Kassirer, Jerome P. (Author) / Koehler, Jonathan 'Jay' (Author) / Korn, David (Author) / Mnookin, Jennifer (Author) / Morrison, Alan B. (Author) / Murphy, Erin (Author) / Peerwani, Nizam (Author) / Peterson, Joseph L. (Author) / Risinger, D. Michael (Author) / Sensabaugh, George F. (Author) / Spiegelman, Clifford (Author) / Stern, Hal (Author) / Thompson, William C. (Author) / Wayman, James L. (Author) / Zabell, Sandy (Author) / Zumwalt, Ross E. (Author) / Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law (Contributor)
Created2016-11-23