In the Southwestern United States, climate change poses challenges to reliable water access due to droughts, wildfires, and urban development. Arizonan farmers are faced with unpredictable precipitation, muddled legal water rights, and outdated equipment to irrigate their land. Located in Northern Arizona, Verde Valley residents and stakeholders are challenging the way the Verde River water is managed through collaboration, partnerships, and technical changes to water infrastructure. Through interviews conducted with various stakeholders involved in the Verde River ditch irrigation system, ranging from water users to nonprofit organizations, this paper identifies sociotechnical tinkering as an important aspect of maintaining agricultural operations along the river amid political tensions, social relations, and climate change. Through interviews and analysis, this paper further contributes to the relatively new discourse on the concept of sociotechnical tinkering by proving its existence and its subsequent effectiveness in the Verde Valley. Using statements made by respondents, the paper argues that sociotechnical tinkering helps manage resources through political and social relations.

Drylands cover almost half of the land surface on Earth, yet there is still little understood of the processes in these ecosystems. This project studied the impact of macroclimate (precipitation and temperature in large regions) in comparison to microclimate (the climate under canopy versus in the open) to learn more about the drivers of litter decomposition in drylands.

Food waste is a significant problem in many developed nations, especially the United States. Each year millions of pounds of uneaten or partially eaten food scraps are thrown into landfill, where it degrades anaerobically, producing methane gas emissions, contributing to foul odors, and contributing to an unsustainable food system. This thesis project set out to conduct a small-scale composting system that diverted would-be food waste from a local food bank to a community garden, where food scraps would decompose into compost to then be turned into a valuable, nutrient-rich amendment in that local garden. Engaging with this food bank and community garden allowed us to leverage the existing relationship between the two, and experiment and develop a framework that would demonstrate the feasibility of a long-term composting system in this community. By conducting this project throughout 2021, we saw where strategies worked well, what challenges remained, and where future opportunities could be expanded on. In the end, we diverted over 2000 lbs of uneaten food away from the food bank and into our composting system. We concluded our project report by providing a set of actionable recommendations and future framework guidelines that could be used by the local community garden in the future or be referenced to by other interested parties.

Food waste is a significant problem in many developed nations, especially the United States. Each year millions of pounds of uneaten or partially eaten food scraps are thrown into landfill, where it degrades anaerobically, producing methane gas emissions, contributing to foul odors, and contributing to an unsustainable food system. This thesis project set out to conduct a small-scale composting system that diverted would-be food waste from a local food bank to a community garden, where food scraps would decompose into compost to then be turned into a valuable, nutrient-rich amendment in that local garden. Engaging with this food bank and community garden allowed us to leverage the existing relationship between the two, and experiment and develop a framework that would demonstrate the feasibility of a long-term composting system in this community. By conducting this project throughout 2021, we saw where strategies worked well, what challenges remained, and where future opportunities could be expanded on. In the end, we diverted over 2000 lbs of uneaten food away from the food bank and into our composting system. We concluded our project report by providing a set of actionable recommendations and future framework guidelines that could be used by the local community garden in the future or be referenced to by other interested parties.

Since the genre's inception more than half a century ago, metal music has maintained its place as a major music genre and culture across the globe. With hundreds of thousands of bands spread across every continent, the genre has become a diverse canvas of continually changing translocal scenes. Serious scholarship covering metal music has been propagating across academic fields since the 90s with a wide variety of approaches, but quantitative studies of the genre almost always depict metal as a monolith; a singular uniform entity without internal variation. This research aims to illustrate how quantitative analysis of metal can accurately reflect the genre’s major content variations, first by constructing a dataset of the Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archive that reflects major subgenre and lyrical themes within metal, and then applying said dataset to understand how metals content shifts both between major subgenres and across geographic space.

Urban heat island effect is caused by the built environment and impervious surfaces in urban areas causing the local air temperature to be significantly higher than that of near-by rural areas. This effect continues to worsen and spread nationwide as urban sprawl increases through land development. As more land gets paved over, more heat energy is produced and radiated into the local atmosphere. In Phoenix, urban heat island effect is expected to be the most prominent when the city has been the fastest growing metro area in the United States in this decade and continues to grow at a rapid pace. As urban heat island effects increase, climate change caused by anthropogenic activities continues to worsen. This causes drought conditions to worsen all across the American Southwest. California was the first state to enact water restrictions in response to the current drought conditions in 2015, with Nevada and Colorado following in 2021 in efforts to preserve water. Sustainable urban water systems management and design have been an emerging research area. One of the most effective systems being the reuse of greywater in irrigation. With this use of greywater for all outdoor water needs, excluding swimming pools, there is the ability to use equal amounts of outdoor water as indoor water. This increases the amount of available water for all landscaping. With increased amounts of available water, plants and vegetation will most often grow fast and larger. Larger and healthier vegetation both increase shade as well as evaporative-transpiration. Both of these can decrease the local air temperature. This research aims to investigate if and how the reuse of greywater for landscape irrigation can ultimately lead to cooler air temperatures, decreasing the urban heat island effect. In Spring 2022, I partnered with a local landscape architecture firm to examine a case study of a pilot greywater reuse system. The pilot was the basis for a larger greywater reuse system integrated into a multifamily apartment complex, currently under construction, in downtown Phoenix.

Phenolic polymers such as polyphenols and polyphenylenes are generated industrially for several applications but are typically associated with harsh reaction conditions and environmentally hazardous chemicals, such as formaldehyde. Additionally, hydroxycinnamic acids, such as p-coumaric acid (CA), are found in high concentrations in underutilized lignin-derived hydrolysates and represent a renewable and sustainable feedstock for the production of various aromatics and phenolics. To that end, recently a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum has been developed by the Joint Bioenergy Institute to express a Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase (PAD), which can convert CA into 4-vinylphenol (4VP). 4VP is cytotoxic but can be polymerized by ligninolytic enzymes such as laccases or peroxidases into less-toxic poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP). This work investigates the potential of polymerizing 4VP in situ by adding ligninolytic enzymes into the fermentation media to polymerize 4VP into PVP as it is produced, while reducing cellular toxicity to aid in chemical conversion.
The engineered C. glutamicum strain was cultured in the presence of CA to produce 4VP, with a maximum yield of 80.75%. Simultaneously, two ligninolytic enzymes, laccase and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were explored in an in vitro experiment for their ability to polymerize 4VP, with laccase achieving full polymerization within 45 minutes and HRP able to polymerize 54.06% of 4VP in 24 hours. The resulting polymers were further analyzed by using gas permeation chromatography - nuclear magnetic resonance, validating the synthesis of PVP from 4VP with the addition of laccase or HRP. Finally, the C. glutamicum strain was evaluated for its ability to grow in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is a necessary reagent for HRP functionality, and it was able to reach an optical density of 3.69 within 36 hours. These findings suggest that in situ polymerization may be possible. Further work is underway to explore the enzyme kinetics at different pH, validate the potential of polymerization in situ, and study the fermentative benefits associated with in situ polymerization. This will be followed by additional analytical studies to characterize the resulting PVP.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused uncertainty and changing public health recommendations across the world as our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus changed. Following a preliminary assessment by the World Health Organization, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were said to worsen symptoms and should be avoided before the recommendation was subsequently revoked. There also was pain associated with infection, leading to the hypothesis that use of over-the-counter pain medication increases may correlate with increases of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Wastewater samples were collected from two communities in Tempe, AZ from December 2019 to July 2020 (n = 35) and were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify levels of acetaminophen, ibuprofen and their metabolites, acetaminophen sulfate and carboxy-ibuprofen. Results showed 100% detection frequency of all analytes in all samples across the duration of the study. Mass loadings of acetaminophen (918.4 g day-1 +/- 354.8 g day-1) were higher than ibuprofen (182.9 g day-1 +/- 49.8 g day-1), potentially driven by flushing behaviors rather than consumption activities. However, ibuprofen was more heavily consumed than acetaminophen across all days of the study period. Comparisons to COVID-19 clinical cases data showed increased use in ibuprofen with increases in clinical cases loads, while acetaminophen showed no change, suggesting ibuprofen was the over the counter (OTC) medication of choice during the first wave of the pandemic.

Food Insecurity amongst college students is a growing issue in today’s society due to the lack of access to food and programs commonly used for food assistance. Logistical issues present a unique challenge in feeding food-insecure college students. And the stigma associated with this food insecurity may cause students to avoid seeking assistance. Students are only able to address this challenge through 3 main solutions: pantries, meal swipe programs, and drive-thru pantries. Food insecurity challenges that individuals face can be found on Arizona State University campus. Currently, food insecurity is only addressed on campus through pantries and distribution centers. These are run through student-led organizations and typically are partnered with food banks or charities within the area. These solutions can be inconsistent and deal with logistic challenges like space, storage, and transportation. One of the proposed solutions to these challenges is programs like the Food Recovery Network.

The goal of this project is to document and format a cookbook of my grandmother’s Palestinian recipes while learning about her life and the history of Palestine. This process included research of Palestinian history from many different sources: books, Palestinian cookbooks, and online articles to form a foundation for the food and culture behind the recipes from Palestine. It also included intensive cooking lessons with different women in our family to measure, practice, and taste different dishes included in this project. The focus of this cookbook was our grandmother’s recipes, but soon after starting, we realized that cooking in a Palestinian household is a group effort and rarely done by one person. Due to this realization, we decided that everyone in the family would be recognized in constructing this cookbook. After completing this project, we documented stories and experiences of my grandmother’s move to America at a young age, raising five children with no family around her, and her ability to find substitutes for ingredients that were not available in America that we did not know of before. Our relationship with our family and culture has strengthened during this experience, and we are now more confident in who we are and what we can offer to our future generations.