In today's society, success is often associated with conventional norms and expectations. The pressure to conform to these norms can be daunting, especially for those who are aiming to succeed in highly competitive fields such as entrepreneurship or the healthcare field. However, to truly achieve success, it is important to think outside the box and push past one's comfort zone. Success in any career requires a combination of learning from others, embracing a growth mindset, developing discipline, harnessing the power of manifestation and visualization, and effectively handling negative criticism. This thesis and two podcast episodes linked at the end of the document will explore these topics in-depth, drawing upon personal experiences and anecdotes to illustrate the significance of these concepts. The thesis will also discuss the Dunning-Kruger effect and the Law of Attraction to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities on the path to success.

Influenza virus A (IVA) poses a serious threat to human health, killing over 25,000 Americans in the 2022 flu season alone. In the past 10 years, vaccine efficacy has varied significantly, ranging from 20-60% each season. Because IVA is subject to high antigenic shift and strain cocirculation, more effective IVA vaccines are needed to reduce the incidence of disease. Herein we report the production of a recombinant immune complex (RIC) vaccine “4xM2e” in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using agroinfiltration for use as a potential universal IVA vaccine candidate. RICs fuse antigen to the C-terminus of an immunoglobulin heavy chain with an epitope tag cognate to the antibody, promoting immune complex formation to increase immunogenicity. IVA matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is selected to serve as vaccine antigen for its high sequence conservation, as only a small number of minor mutations have occurred since its discovery in 1981 in the human sequence. However, there is some divergence in zoonotic IVA strains, and to account for this, we designed a combination of human consensus, swine, and avian M2e variants, 4xM2e. This was fused to the C terminus of the RIC platform to improve M2e immunogenicity and IVA strain coverage. The 4xM2e RIC was produced in N. benthamiana and verified with SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays, along with an analysis of complex formation and the potential for complement activation via complement C1q ELISA. With this work, we demonstrate the potential of RICs and plant-expression systems to generate universal IVA vaccine candidates.

Obesity increases the risk for colorectal cancer. In mice, a pro-obesity high-fat-diet (HFD) leads to an intestinal phenotype characterized by enhanced proliferation, numbers, function and tumor-initiating capacity of stem cells, the cell-of-origin for many intestinal cancers. This phenotype is driven by a lipid metabolism program facilitated by an intrinsic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor/Fatty Acid Oxidation (PPAR/FAO) axis that senses and utilizes cellular lipids. However, the microbiome is a known regulator of lipid metabolism in the gut, but little is understood about how the gut commensals affect access to the lipids and alter stem cell function. Here, we use the long term HFD-fed mouse model to analyze the phenotypic changes in the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) after depletion of the gut microbiota. We find that the loss of the gut microbiome after four weeks of antibiotic treatment imposes significant changes in ISC function leading to reduced HFD ISC regenerative potential. These results indicate that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the lipid metabolic process which regulates and maintains the HFD ISC phenotype, and further suggests that the gut microbiome may augment the diet-induced tumor initiating capacity by altering the stem cell function.

This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on telemedicine-prescribed controlled substances by discussing the opinions of pharmacists holding an Arizona pharmacy license. To accommodate the rapid changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government adapted pharmacy laws to better support the healthcare community. The use of remote healthcare services such as telemedicine visits and online pharmacy services dramatically increased during the pandemic, so regulators waived tele-health restrictions like the Ryan Haight Act. This study involved structured interviews with 3 participants. The interviews revealed a positive outlook on the future of telehealth and the possibilities of modernizing healthcare and pharmacy. The study suggests that the waiving of the Ryan Haight Act was perceived somewhat positively by pharmacists, although they still had concerns regarding abandoning parts of the Act from a patient safety standpoint. The study concludes that certain pharmacy and telemedicine regulations are outdated given the positive and negative outcomes of these laws during the global pandemic. While this study offers insights on bringing various healthcare and law arguments together, the small sample size results in limited scope. The study still provides points of discussion to offer recommendations for implementation of the Ryan Haight Act and other similar tele-health and online-pharmacy regulations.

Mast cells are granulated immune cells with a known role in allergies due to the mediators they release upon activation, for example histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 . Environmental factors like nutrient availability can impact the survival, proliferation and activation of these cells. In this study, we investigated whether fasting induced by reducing the amount of nutrient source, FBS (fetal bovine serum) affects the allergic activation of mast cells. To accomplish this, mature bone marrow-derived mast cells were incubated in media containing different concentrations of FBS overnight along with anti-DNP IgE. The cells were stimulated with DNP-BSA (the antigen) and the activation of cells was quantified using ELISA (for TNF-α and IL-6). Results showed that fasting state prevented TNF-α and IL-6 production in a dose dependent manner, suggesting that fasting state prevents allergic activation of mast cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that a nutrient factor present in the FBS serum contributes to mast cell activation upon allergen challenge. The understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying prevention of mast cell activation to allergens will highlight new therapeutic avenues for hypersensitivities.

Social media has become a prominent part of people’s life worldwide. It allows for easy communication and connection between family, friends, and even complete strangers. It has provided for an increased global interconnectedness and allows people to form new relationships. Despite these positives, there are also negative effects of social media, including its danger to mental health. With increased social media use, it is possible to develop an addiction, similar to any substance addiction. People may also experience various mental health disorders, like depression and anxiety disorders. The purpose of this review was to identify a clear relationship between social media use and the development of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders is a general term, encompassing the different types, but the main types focused on in this review are generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety. This review also incorporates information on age in order to clarify if certain age groups are more affected by social media use than others.

My paper focuses on the existence of God in the face of the existence of evil. I provide a summary of the topic as it stands and provide my own arguments as well as counterarguments to try and provide a logical reconciliation of the existence of God and the necessity of evil in the world.

The Starbucks Workers United Movement emerged in late 2021 and quickly spread to 290 stores in at least 40 states. SBWU cuts against the decades-long trend of decline in the US labor movement, and many hope that it signals its revitalization. I conducted interviews in Arizona's first SBWU location to investigate why workers organized, why they chose to act now, and what obstacles lie ahead of the movement. I found that the movement is driven primarily by young workers (Gen Y and Z) motivated by factors other than pay like toxic management, scheduling concerns, and dignity at work. Findings indicate that the conditions which brought about SBWU will increase in a future of climate change and economic instability.

This project was an exploratory take on outreach in the life sciences - looking into the existing literature and practices and formulating a proof of concept for future outreach with synthesizes my findings. The research culminated in the creation of an insect guide for the novice observer, which reads as a modern take on the dichotomous key and allows amateur insect observers to develop some skills of identification with relatively little entomological knowledge.