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While various collision warning studies in driving have been conducted, only a handful of studies have investigated the effectiveness of warnings with a distracted driver. Across four experiments, the present study aimed to understand the apparent gap in the literature of distracted drivers and warning effectiveness, specifically by studying various

While various collision warning studies in driving have been conducted, only a handful of studies have investigated the effectiveness of warnings with a distracted driver. Across four experiments, the present study aimed to understand the apparent gap in the literature of distracted drivers and warning effectiveness, specifically by studying various warnings presented to drivers while they were operating a smart phone. Experiment One attempted to understand which smart phone tasks, (text vs image) or (self-paced vs other-paced) are the most distracting to a driver. Experiment Two compared the effectiveness of different smartphone based applications (app’s) for mitigating driver distraction. Experiment Three investigated the effects of informative auditory and tactile warnings which were designed to convey directional information to a distracted driver (moving towards or away). Lastly, Experiment Four extended the research into the area of autonomous driving by investigating the effectiveness of different auditory take-over request signals. Novel to both Experiment Three and Four was that the warnings were delivered from the source of the distraction (i.e., by either the sound triggered at the smart phone location or through a vibration given on the wrist of the hand holding the smart phone). This warning placement was an attempt to break the driver’s attentional focus on their smart phone and understand how to best re-orient the driver in order to improve the driver’s situational awareness (SA). The overall goal was to explore these novel methods of improved SA so drivers may more quickly and appropriately respond to a critical event.
ContributorsMcNabb, Jaimie Christine (Author) / Gray, Dr. Rob (Thesis advisor) / Branaghan, Dr. Russell (Committee member) / Becker, Dr. Vaughn (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2017
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Description
Sutures, staples, and tissue glues remain the primary means of tissue approximation and vessel ligation. Laser-activated tissue sealing is an alternative approach that conventionally employs light-absorbing chromophores and nanoparticles for converting near-infrared (NIR) laser to heat. The local increase in temperature engenders interdigitation of sealant and tissue biomolecules, resulting in

Sutures, staples, and tissue glues remain the primary means of tissue approximation and vessel ligation. Laser-activated tissue sealing is an alternative approach that conventionally employs light-absorbing chromophores and nanoparticles for converting near-infrared (NIR) laser to heat. The local increase in temperature engenders interdigitation of sealant and tissue biomolecules, resulting in rapid tissue sealing. Light-activated sealants (LASE) were developed in which indocyanine green (ICG) dye is embedded within a biopolymer matrix (silk or chitosan) for incisional defect repair. Light-activated tissue-integrating sutures (LATIS) that synergize the benefits of conventional suturing and laser sealing were also fabricated and demonstrated higher efficacies for tissue biomechanical recovery and repair in a full-thickness, dorsal surgical incision model in mice compared to commercial sutures and cyanoacrylate skin glue. Localized delivery of modulators of tissue repair, including histamine and copper, from LASE and LATIS further improved healed skin strength. In addition to incisional wounds, histamine co-delivered with silk fibroin LASE films accelerated the closure of full thickness, splinted excisional wounds in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and genetically obese and diabetic db/db mice, resulting in faster closure than Tegaderm wound dressing. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed LASE-histamine treatment enhanced wound repair involving mechanisms of neoangiogenesis, myofibroblast activation, transient epidermal EMT, and also improve healed skin biomechanical strength which are hallmarks of improved healing outcomes. Benefit of temporal delivery was further investigated of a second therapeutic (growth factor nanoparticles) in modulating wound healing outcomes in both acute and diabetic wounds. The hypothesis of temporal delivery of second therapeutic around the ‘transition period’ in wounds further improved wound closure kinetics and biomechanical recovery of skin strength. Laser sealing and approximation, together with delivery of immunomodulatory mediators, can lead to faster healing and tissue repair, thus reducing wound dehiscence, preventing wounds moving towards chronicity and lowering incidence of surgical site infections, all of which can have significant impact in the clinic.
ContributorsGhosh, Deepanjan (Author) / Rege, Kaushal (Thesis advisor) / Acharya, Abhinav (Committee member) / Holloway, Julianne (Committee member) / DiCaudo, David (Committee member) / P. Leung, Kai (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
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Description
Abnormally low or high blood iron levels are common health conditions worldwide and can seriously affect an individual’s overall well-being. A low-cost point-of-care technology that measures blood iron markers with a goal of both preventing and treating iron-related disorders represents a significant advancement in medical care delivery systems. Methods: A

Abnormally low or high blood iron levels are common health conditions worldwide and can seriously affect an individual’s overall well-being. A low-cost point-of-care technology that measures blood iron markers with a goal of both preventing and treating iron-related disorders represents a significant advancement in medical care delivery systems. Methods: A novel assay equipped with an accurate, storable, and robust dry sensor strip, as well as a smartphone mount and (iPhone) app is used to measure total iron in human serum. The sensor strip has a vertical flow design and is based on an optimized chemical reaction. The reaction strips iron ions from blood-transport proteins, reduces Fe(III) to Fe(II), and chelates Fe(II) with ferene, with the change indicated by a blue color on the strip. The smartphone mount is robust and controls the light source of the color reading App, which is calibrated to obtain output iron concentration results. The real serum samples are then used to assess iron concentrations from the new assay and validated through intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory experiments. The intra-laboratory validation uses an optimized iron detection assay with multi-well plate spectrophotometry. The inter-laboratory validation method is performed in a commercial testing facility (LabCorp). Results: The novel assay with the dry sensor strip and smartphone mount, and App is seen to be sensitive to iron detection with a dynamic range of 50 - 300 µg/dL, sensitivity of 0.00049 µg/dL, coefficient of variation (CV) of 10.5%, and an estimated detection limit of ~15 µg/dL These analytical specifications are useful for predicting iron deficiency and overloads. The optimized reference method has a sensitivity of 0.00093 µg/dL and CV of 2.2%. The correlation of serum iron concentrations (N=20) between the optimized reference method and the novel assay renders a slope of 0.95, and a regression coefficient of 0.98, suggesting that the new assay is accurate. Lastly, a spectrophotometric study of the iron detection reaction kinetics is seen to reveal the reaction order for iron and chelating agent. Conclusion: The new assay is able to provide accurate results in intra- and inter- laboratory validations and has promising features of both mobility and low-cost.
ContributorsSerhan, Michael (Author) / Forzani, Erica (Thesis advisor) / Raupp, Gregory (Committee member) / Acharya, Abhinav (Committee member) / Hu, Tony (Committee member) / Smith, Barbara (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020