The findings were organized into themes for the three areas of study: perceptions of bullying (i.e., emotion, entertainment, fighting, structure, and home life), responses to bullying (i.e., self-preservation, suffering, passivity, and standing up for other people), and barriers/supports of prosocial active bystandership of bullying (i.e., barriers, education, and taking action). The quantitative results indicated that all of the participants observed bullying (N = 32), almost all of the participants had been bullied (n = 29) and a strong majority (n = 25) experienced racialized suffering. The results of a matched pairs t-test of factor one of the Colorblind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS) and factor five the Bystander Intervention of Bullying and Racial Harassment Scale (BIBRS) indicated these measures may not be a good fit for this population.
Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs during pregnancy and affects upwards of 10% of pregnancies around the world (Osungbade & Ige, 2011). African American pregnant women are particularly vulnerable and die at a disproportionate rate compared to other races. In this literature review, three research studies were analyzed to determine if African American pregnant women were included in preeclampsia Studies. Only one of the studies included in this review met all criteria by including African American pregnant women. One research study met half of the criteria; however, the authors noted that there was not enough evidence for Black Americans. The third research article also only met half of the criteria. We conclude that further studies are needed that include African American women in studies on preeclampsia.