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Androgen has been shown to affect functioning of the central nervous system by modulating neural circuitry during in-utero development subsequently affecting parts of the brain implicated in the evaluation of socially relevant stimuli. This can suggest an examination of underlying neurobiological mechanisms that may influence androgen in the brain and

Androgen has been shown to affect functioning of the central nervous system by modulating neural circuitry during in-utero development subsequently affecting parts of the brain implicated in the evaluation of socially relevant stimuli. This can suggest an examination of underlying neurobiological mechanisms that may influence androgen in the brain and likewise human cognition and behavior. Since the index and ring finger ratio is associated with androgen related outcomes, this study sought to identify a relationship between a participant's implicit race association test score and left-handed ring (4D) and index (2D) finger ratio. Specifically, we found that higher androgen exposure in our female subjects equated to a stronger bias for European American faces over African American faces.
ContributorsSaari, Sydney (Author) / Holloway, Steven (Thesis director) / Kim, Linda (Committee member) / Nanez, Jose (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2018-05
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The United States’ War on Drugs declared in 1971 by President Richard Nixon and revamped by President Reagan in the 1980s has been an objectively failed initiative with origins based in racism and oppression. After exploring the repercussions of this endeavor for societies and individuals around the world, global researchers

The United States’ War on Drugs declared in 1971 by President Richard Nixon and revamped by President Reagan in the 1980s has been an objectively failed initiative with origins based in racism and oppression. After exploring the repercussions of this endeavor for societies and individuals around the world, global researchers and policymakers have declared that the policies and institutions created to fight the battle have left devastation in their wake. Despite high economic and social costs, missed opportunities in public health and criminal justice sectors, and increasing limits on our personal freedoms, all the measures taken to eradicate drug abuse and trafficking have been unsuccessful. Not only that, but militarized police tactics, mass incarceration, and harsh penalties that stifle opportunities for rehabilitation, growth, and change disproportionately harm poor and minority communities. <br/>Because reform in U.S. drug policy is badly needed, the goals of America’s longest war need to be reevaluated, implications of the initiative reexamined, and alternative strategies reconsidered. Solutions must be propagated from a diverse spectrum of contributors and holistic understanding through scientific research, empirical evidence, innovation, public health, social wellbeing, and measurable outcomes. But before we can know where we should be headed, we need to appreciate how we got to where we are. This preliminary expository investigation will explore and outline the history of drug use and prohibition in the United States before the War on Drugs was officially declared. Through an examination of the different patterns of substance use, evolving civil tolerance of users, racially-charged anti-drug misinformation/propaganda campaigns, and increasingly restrictive drug control policies, a foundation for developing solutions and strengths-based strategies for drug reform will emerge.

ContributorsSherman, Brooke (Author) / Jimenez-Arista, Laura (Thesis director) / Mitchell, Ojmarrh (Committee member) / College of Integrative Sciences and Arts (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2021-05
Description

An examination upon the historical evolution of the quarterback reveals that there were three foundational cycles leading up to 2007 which established the model for the mobile quarterback in the NFL. These were especially marked by exceptional quarterbacks breaking molds and pioneering African American quarterbacks overcoming racial stigma. Since 2007,

An examination upon the historical evolution of the quarterback reveals that there were three foundational cycles leading up to 2007 which established the model for the mobile quarterback in the NFL. These were especially marked by exceptional quarterbacks breaking molds and pioneering African American quarterbacks overcoming racial stigma. Since 2007, there has been a steady trend of mobile quarterbacks replacing pocket passers, especially among playoff teams. Using k-means clustering, three different categories of quarterbacks were established: pocket passers, scramblers, and dual-threats. After evaluating various player metrics describing quarterback mobility, using yards per game, run-to-pass ratio, scramble rate, and designed run rate on third down produced the best model. This yielded an accurate prediction of covariance and a good overall fit. Teams with dual-threat quarterbacks had more success than other quarterback types on third-and-medium for dropbacks, third-and-long for designed runs, and explosive plays (plays which gain 20+ yards) on designed runs, passes, and quarterback scrambles. An examination into the schematic tendencies using film reveals that mobile quarterbacks allow the offense to have more freedom in its play calling and reduces the margin of error for defenses. Alongside the NFL’s increased focus on the concept of positionless football, this provides the framework for what this thesis calls the “Slashback Offense,” in which the offense utilizes a young, athletic quarterback in multiple positions in conjunction with a mobile starting quarterback. This can enhance option plays, establish the threat of another passer, and reduce the physical burden on the starting quarterback.

ContributorsWelco, Bennett (Author) / McIntosh, Daniel (Thesis director) / McCreless, Tamuchin (Committee member) / Kollmann, Brett (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Envirnmt (Contributor)
Created2023-05
ContributorsWelco, Bennett (Author) / McIntosh, Daniel (Thesis director) / McCreless, Tamuchin (Committee member) / Kollmann, Brett (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Envirnmt (Contributor)
Created2023-05
ContributorsWelco, Bennett (Author) / McIntosh, Daniel (Thesis director) / McCreless, Tamuchin (Committee member) / Kollmann, Brett (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Department of Psychology (Contributor) / School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Envirnmt (Contributor)
Created2023-05
Description

Even though criminal justice outcomes frequently receive more media, public, and research attention than civil legal outcomes, civil legal outcomes are equally important in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice for both individuals and society as a whole. This provides individuals an avenue to pursue justice and restitution for civil wrongs,

Even though criminal justice outcomes frequently receive more media, public, and research attention than civil legal outcomes, civil legal outcomes are equally important in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice for both individuals and society as a whole. This provides individuals an avenue to pursue justice and restitution for civil wrongs, protects civil rights, and compensates those who have been harmed financially. This study examined the relationship between regional implicit racial bias and racial disparities in outcomes of real-world civil trials. In particular, I explored whether the racial composition of the attorneys on the defense teams or race of the plaintiff predicted plaintiff verdicts and greater damage awards. I hypothesized that all-White defense attorney teams and plaintiffs would win their cases at higher rates and would subsequently be awarded more in damages than their non-White counterparts, especially in regions reporting high levels of implicit racial bias. Using real-world civil trials and Project Implicit Race IAT data, I conducted logistic and linear regression analyses to test the effects of race and regional bias on trial outcomes. The results showed that the likelihood of a pro-plaintiff verdict increased when the defense team included at least one non-White attorney. That is, more racially diverse defense teams won their cases less then all-White defense teams. Additionally, I found that the likelihood of a pro-plaintiff verdict decreased in regions reporting relatively higher levels of regional implicit racial bias. Future research aimed at understanding and reducing disparities and bias in the legal system should be extended to include civil trials and both attorney and client demographics.

ContributorsThomas, Sara (Author) / Salerno, Jessica (Thesis director) / Smalarz, Laura (Committee member) / Hall, Deborah (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / School of Social and Behavioral Sciences (Contributor) / School of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Contributor)
Created2023-05
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Description
With the ongoing development of simulation technology, classic barriers to social interactions are beginning to be dismantled. One such exchange is encapsulated within education—instructors can use simulations to make difficult topics more manageable and accessible to students. Within simulations that include virtual humans, however, there are important factors to consider.

With the ongoing development of simulation technology, classic barriers to social interactions are beginning to be dismantled. One such exchange is encapsulated within education—instructors can use simulations to make difficult topics more manageable and accessible to students. Within simulations that include virtual humans, however, there are important factors to consider. Participants playing in virtual environments will act in a way that is consistent with their real-world behaviors—including their implicit biases. The current study seeks to determine the impact of virtual humans’ skin tone on participants’ behaviors when applying engineering concepts to simulated projects. Within a comparable study focused on a medical training simulation, significantly more errors and delays were made when working for the benefit of dark-skinned patients in a virtual context. In the current study, participants were given a choose-your-own-adventure style game in which they constructed simulated bridges for either a light- ordark-skinned community, and the number of errors and time taken for each decision was tracked. Results are expected to be consistent with previous study, indicating a higher number of errors and less time taken for each decision, although these results may be attenuated by a
lack of time pressure and urgency to the given situations. If these expected results hold, there may be implications for both undergraduate engineering curriculum and real-world engineering endeavors.
ContributorsEldemire, Kate (Author) / Craig, Scotty D. (Thesis director) / Roscoe, Rod D. (Committee member) / Engineering Programs (Contributor) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor)
Created2020-05
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This study examined relations between White parents’ color-blind and implicit racial attitudes and their children’s racial bias as well as moderation by diversity in children’s friends and caregivers, parental warmth, child age, and child sex. The sample included 190 White/Non-Hispanic children (46% female) between the ages of 5 and 9

This study examined relations between White parents’ color-blind and implicit racial attitudes and their children’s racial bias as well as moderation by diversity in children’s friends and caregivers, parental warmth, child age, and child sex. The sample included 190 White/Non-Hispanic children (46% female) between the ages of 5 and 9 years (M = 7.11 years, SD = .94) and their mothers (N = 184) and fathers (N = 154). Data used were parents’ reports of color-blind racial attitudes (Color-blind Racial Attitudes Scale; CoBRAS), parental warmth, and racial/ethnic diversity of children’s friendships and caregivers, direct assessment of primary parent implicit racial attitudes (Implicit Association Test; IAT), and direct assessment of children’s racial attitudes. Results supported hypothesized relations between parent racial attitudes and some child racial bias variables, especially under certain conditions. Specifically, both mothers’ and fathers’ color-blind racial attitudes were positively related to children’s social inclusion preference for White children over Black children and parents’ implicit White preference positively predicted child social inclusion racial bias, but only for younger children. Fathers’ color-blind racial attitudes positively predicted children’s social inclusion racial bias only when children’s pre-K caregivers were mostly White and were inversely related to children’s implicit White preference when children’s caregivers were more racially heterogeneous. Finally, parental warmth moderated relations such that, when mothers’ warmth was low, mother color-blind attitudes were negatively related to children’s racial bias in social distance preference and fathers’ color-blind attitudes positively predicted children’s social inclusion bias only when father warmth was low or average.
ContributorsGal-Szabo, Diana Elena (Author) / Spinrad, Tracy L (Thesis advisor) / Eisenberg, Nancy (Committee member) / Spanierman, Lisa B (Committee member) / Bradley, Robert (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020
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Description

In 2014, the Center for Reproductive Rights, SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, and the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health released a co-authored report titled “Reproductive Injustice: Racial and Gender Discrimination in U.S. Healthcare,” hereafter “Reproductive Injustice.” In “Reproductive Injustice,” the organizations evaluate trends in the US federal

In 2014, the Center for Reproductive Rights, SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, and the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health released a co-authored report titled “Reproductive Injustice: Racial and Gender Discrimination in U.S. Healthcare,” hereafter “Reproductive Injustice.” In “Reproductive Injustice,” the organizations evaluate trends in the US federal system concerning racial and gender discrimination in sexual and reproductive healthcare. The organizations presented “Reproductive Injustice” to the United Nations, or UN, to review US compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, a UN treaty that obligates participating nations to commit to eliminating racial discrimination. The authors of “Reproductive Injustice” argue that the US had not met its treaty obligations as evidenced by racial disparities in maternal mortality rates and legal barriers to healthcare coverage and access for non-citizen women.

Created2021-02-10
Description

The sudden turn to artificial intelligence has been widely supported because of the several proposed positive outcomes of using such technologies to support or replace humans. Automating tedious processes and removing potential human error is exciting for society, but some concerns must be addressed. This essay aims to understand how

The sudden turn to artificial intelligence has been widely supported because of the several proposed positive outcomes of using such technologies to support or replace humans. Automating tedious processes and removing potential human error is exciting for society, but some concerns must be addressed. This essay aims to understand how artificial intelligence can automate domains that likely significantly impact underprivileged and underrepresented groups. This essay will address the potentially devastating effects of algorithmic biases and AI’s contribution to perpetual economic inequality by surveying different domains, such as the justice system and the real estate industry. Without society broadly understanding the potential negative side effects on systems that matter, the rapid growth of artificial intelligence is a recipe for disaster. Everyone must become educated about AI’s current and potential implications before it is too late to stop its damaging effects.

ContributorsTerhune, Alexandra (Author) / Pofahl, Geoffrey (Thesis director) / Koretz, Lora (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Dean, W.P. Carey School of Business (Contributor)
Created2023-05