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- All Subjects: Sex Differences
- All Subjects: Closeness
- Creators: Adjei, Ermyntrude
- Creators: Ahlstrom, Sydney Bow
Description
Abstract Although sending mobile phone text messages, or texting as many people call it, is a very common form of communication, it is still a fairly new technology. Because of this, there is not a great deal of research on it. This study seeks to discover how young adults use texting for relational maintenance as well as study equity, closeness, and to discover sex/gender differences. Data was collected through an online survey. Students were offered extra credit for taking this survey, however some students took the survey with no direct benefit to themselves. Scales were created based on the scales of previous research and modified for texting. Results indicated that texting is used for relational maintenance and there was a significant correlation between using maintenance strategies through texting and closeness. In addition, there were significant correlations between the use of maintenance strategies and equity as well as being underbenefited, however, no correlation was found between the use of relational maintenance strategies and overbenefitedness. Finally, results indicated that sex differences were very minor, the only sex difference was that women use positivity more than men. Gender differences accounted for much more differences in that while femininity was partially associated with the use of relational maintenance strategies, there was a much stronger correlation between the strategies and masculinity. Direction for future research is assessed.
ContributorsAhlstrom, Sydney Bow (Author) / Guerrero, Laura (Thesis director) / Martin, Judith (Committee member) / Barrett, The Honors College (Contributor) / Hugh Downs School of Human Communication (Contributor)
Created2014-05
Description
It has been repeatedly shown that females have lower stability and increased risk of ankle injury when compared to males participating in similar sports activities (e.g., basketball and soccer), yet sex differences in neuromuscular control of the ankle, including the modulation of ankle stiffness, and their contribution to stability remain unknown. To identify sex differences in human ankle stiffness, this study quantified 2- dimensional (2D) ankle stiffness in 20 young, healthy men and 20 young, healthy women during upright standing over a range of tasks, specifically, ankle muscle co-contraction tasks (4 levels up to 20% maximum voluntary co-contraction of ankle muscles), weight-bearing tasks (4 levels up to 90% of body weight), and ankle torque generation tasks accomplished by maintaining offset center-of-pressure (5 levels up to +6 cm to the center-of-pressure during quiet standing). A dual-axial robotic platform, capable of perturbing the ankle in both the sagittal and frontal planes and measuring the corresponding ankle torques, was used to reliably quantify the 2D ankle stiffness during upright standing. In all task conditions and in both planes of ankle motion, ankle stiffness in males was consistently greater than that in females. Among all 26 experimental conditions, all but 2 conditions in the frontal plane showed statistically significant sex differences. Further analysis on the normalized ankle stiffness scaled by weight times height suggests that while sex differences in ankle stiffness in the sagittal plane could be explained by sex differences in anthropometric factors as well as neuromuscular factors, the differences in the frontal plane could be mostly explained by anthropometric factors. This study also demonstrates that the sex differences in the sagittal plane were significantly higher as compared to those in the frontal plane. The results indicate that females have lower ankle stiffness during upright standing thereby providing the neuromuscular basis for further investigations on the correlation of ankle stiffness and the higher risk of ankle injury in females.
ContributorsAdjei, Ermyntrude (Author) / Lee, Hyunglae (Thesis advisor) / Santello, Marco (Committee member) / Lockhart, Thurmon E (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2020