Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder categorized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity. The onset of ADHD symptoms begin to appear in childhood, tend to be persistent into adulthood, and are associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (Caye et al., 2016; Yoshimasu et al., 2018). The current study examined the effects of health-promoting behavior (i.e., diet and physical activity) on ADHD symptoms in middle childhood. The sample consisted of 670 twins (30.1% monozygotic, 36.5% same-sex dizygotic, 32.3% opposite-sex dizygotic) from the ongoing longitudinal study, the Arizona Twin Project. The twin’s (51% female) diet, physical activity, and ADHD symptoms were assessed at age 8 (M = 8.45, SD = 0.69) and ADHD symptoms were assessed again at age 9 (M = 9.70, SD = 0.92). Mixed model regression analyses revealed that aspects of diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrates, and fiber) at age 8 negatively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9. Similarly, sedentary behavior at age 8 negatively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9, whereas moderate-to-vigorous activity at age 8 positively predicted ADHD symptoms at age 9. Univariate twin analyses revealed that certain aspects of diet (i.e., sugar, vegetable, and fruit consumption) were influenced by environmental factors whereas other aspects of diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrates, calories, fat, and fiber consumption) were influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Both children’s sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous activity were influenced primarily by genetic factors, with the remaining variance being attributed to non-shared environmental factors. Additive genetic influences explained the majority of the variance in ADHD symptoms. Future research should examine bidirectional effects of activity and diet on ADHD symptoms across childhood.

Last fall, I went with my mom to pick up my grandmother from her assisted living home in Gainesville, Florida, and drive her down to St. Augustine for the biennial family reunion. On the way, between talks of who was cooking dinner and stops at fruit stands, I asked my grandmother how she had met my grandfather. She told the story, including how she was on a date with Granddad’s brother when she met him, and I asked for more stories. Nanny recounted everything from near shipwrecks to brothers separated by war, and I realized that before I dedicated myself to fiction, I wanted to write about my own life. To record some of the moments and events that have built me, including some of the ones that tore me down before they allowed me to gain anything from them. The name of this memoir originated from my forever habit of finding and staring at the moon when I need a reminder that the world, and life, is bigger than the present moment.

In the United States, the adult obesity prevalence was 42.2% from 2017-2018 and has been steadily increasing every year.¹ The estimated medical costs for people who were obese was $1,429 higher than medical costs for people with healthier weight. These statistics only give a brief insight of the so called, “obesity epidemic” plaguing the United States. Every year obesity rates continue to increase, and medical conditions related to obesity continue to affect Americans as well. Risk of developing conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, or cancers are heightened when individuals are obese. This project will explore this epidemic by tracing back to its juvenile roots. As childhood obesity is a serious problem that puts children and adolescents at risk for future health problems, and leads to obesity in their adult years as well. The analysis of socioeconomic, food industry, and school influences in relation to childhood obesity will be conducted, and insight of past and current interventions will be illustrated as well.