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- Genre: Doctoral Dissertation
Description
Traditional public health strategies for assessing human behavior, exposure, and activity are considered resource-exhaustive, time-consuming, and expensive, warranting a need for alternative methods to enhance data acquisition and subsequent interventions. This dissertation critically evaluated the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as an inclusive and non-invasive tool for conducting near real-time population health assessments. A rigorous literature review was performed to gauge the current landscape of WBE to monitor for biomarkers indicative of diet, as well as exposure to estrogen-mimicking endocrine disrupting (EED) chemicals via route of ingestion. Wastewater-derived measurements of phytoestrogens from August 2017 through July 2019 (n = 156 samples) in a small sewer catchment revealed seasonal patterns, with highest average per capita consumption rates in January through March of each year (2018: 7.0 ± 2.0 mg d-1; 2019: 8.2 ± 2.3 mg d-1) and statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) between fall and winter (3.4 ± 1.2 vs. 6.1 ± 2.9 mg d-1; p ≤ 0.01) and spring and summer (5.6 ± 2.1 vs. 3.4 ± 1.5 mg d-1; p ≤ 0.01). Additional investigations, including a human gut microbial composition analysis of community wastewater, were performed to support a methodological framework for future implementation of WBE to assess population-level dietary behavior. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, a high-frequency, high-resolution sample collection approach with public data sharing was implemented throughout the City of Tempe, Arizona, and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 (E gene) from April 2020 through March 2021 (n = 1,556 samples). Results indicate early warning capability during the first wave (June 2020) compared to newly reported clinical cases (8.5 ± 2.1 days), later transitioning to a slight lagging indicator in December/January 2020-21 (-2.0 ± 1.4 days). A viral hotspot from within a larger catchment area was detected, prompting targeted interventions to successfully mitigate community spread; reinforcing the importance of sample collection within the sewer infrastructure. I conclude that by working in tandem with traditional approaches, WBE can enlighten a comprehensive understanding of population health, with methods and strategies implemented in this work recommended for future expansion to produce timely, actionable data in support of public health.
ContributorsBowes, Devin Ashley (Author) / Halden, Rolf U (Thesis advisor) / Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa (Thesis advisor) / Conroy-Ben, Otakuye (Committee member) / Varsani, Arvind (Committee member) / Whisner, Corrie (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description城市商业银行是我国银行业体系中的重要组成部分，在新冠疫情的背景下，本文从对我国商业银行不良贷款的成因进行分析，从新冠疫情前后城商行不良贷款、盈利能力、资本充足性等角度进行比较，总结新冠疫情之后城商行不良贷款规模上升、区域分化、不良处置加大等特征变化。然后，从企业、个人和银行本身等路径全面系统地分析新冠疫情对城商行不良贷款的直接影响，并从“宽信用”、“宽监管”和“宽货币”等政策层面对城商行不良贷款的间接影响机制进行分析。在实证分析上选取2018年一季度至2020年四季度的9个经济指标作为控制变量，分成宏观、行业和银行等三个层次，考虑到数据的可得性，选取20家上市城商行的不良贷款率作为被解释变量，通过建立连续型双重差分模型对新冠疫情对我国城市商业银行不良贷款率的影响进行实证分析，并进行稳定性和影响机制检验，得出了受疫情冲击越严重的地区，经济受影响越明显，因而城商行的不良贷款率增加得越多的结论，而且疫情对城商行不良贷款率且具有连续且时滞性的影响。相比高拨备覆盖率的城市商业银行，疫情更能提高低拨备覆盖率、抵御风险较低的城商行的不良贷款率。选取银行资本充足率作为被解释变量进行了稳健性检验。选取工业增加值和居民人均收入作为渠道变量，进行影响机制检验，结果说明工业增加值和居民人均收入对城商行不良贷款有负向的影响。最后，在理论和实证结果的基础上，对城商行不良贷款处置和有效预防疫情带来不良风险的措施提出相关建议。
ContributorsZhong, Rujian (Author) / Zhang, John (Thesis advisor) / Zhu, Ning (Thesis advisor) / Hu, Jie (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has affected every aspect of society, including the performing arts. This study creates a historic record of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Navy Band Southwest (NBSW), located in San Diego, CA. It is an account of Navy Band Southwest’s journey under my direction as the Bandmaster and the transformation from live music performances to performances in the virtual environment from March 2020 until September 2021. The paper details safety protocols developed by the NBSW leadership team that were implemented following Center for Disease Control and Department of Defense overarching guidance. It also examines the process of development of recording techniques, both audio and video, as well as hardware used to create virtual band performances. Chapters cover NBSW operations pre-COVID, development of the virtual music-making process, and the creation of specific projects, including an original commission for wind band that was conceived, composed, rehearsed, and recorded entirely in a virtual environment. This paper aims to capture the perseverance and professionalism of U. S. Navy Sailors and how these musicians adapted to continue making music during forced isolation and quarantine. An archive of selected performances is included with this document.
ContributorsMansfield, Bruce John (Author) / Caslor, Jason (Thesis advisor) / Edwards, Bradley (Committee member) / Holbrook, Amy (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
This work explores the dynamics in emergence, deployment, and execution of modern technoscientific initiatives in the U.S. government. I focus on the federal initiative that developed vaccine and other responses to the Covid-19 crisis. This included federal policy mechanisms used during crisis, political and financial risk in federal technoscientific solutions, and conditions for technoscientific solutions success. The focus on these dynamics during crisis response is an approach to understanding overarching governance of technoscientific initiatives in non-crisis times. The process of exploration includes a series of interviews with senior officials engaged in technoscientific initiative development. Two studies governed by the tenets of the Delphi approach were completed, one in 2020 with senior government officials engaged in Operation Warp Speed, and another in 2021 with former senior government officials involved in government-funded technoscientific initiatives including the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the National Manufacturing Initiative, and the Precision Medicine Initiative. These results were coded and then the data were triangulated and corroborated through the use of public media, follow up interviews, and fact-checking in the local Washington, D.C. policy network. This work reveals a series of theoretical, policy, and practical results. The theoretical contributions include that high profile technoscientific initiatives are undertheorized in Innovation Policy and Science and Technology Studies. This work also establishes an early typology of U.S. government technoscientific initiatives. In addition, this work suggests policy and practical contributions regarding federal responses to emerging crises, as well as lessons from crisis-intervention policies that might be useful without crises.
ContributorsArnold, Amanda J (Author) / Ross, Heather (Thesis advisor) / Cook-Deegan, Robert (Thesis advisor) / Underiner, Tamara (Committee member) / Hurlbut, J. Ben (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
The unprecedented amount and sources of information during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an indiscriminate level of misinformation that was confusing and compromised healthcare access and delivery. The World Health Organization (WHO) called this an ‘infodemic’, and conspiracy theories and fake news about COVID-19, plagued public health efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. National and international public health priorities expanded to counter misinformation. As a multi-disciplinary study encompassing expertise from public health, informatics, and communication, this research focused on eliciting strategies to better understand and combat misinformation on COVID-19. The study hypotheses is that 1) factors influencing vaccine-acceptance like socio-demographic factors, COVID-19 knowledge, trust in institutions, and media related factors could be leveraged for public health education and intervention; and 2) individuals with a high level of knowledge regarding COVID-19 prevention and control have unique behaviors and practices, like nuanced media literacy and validation skills that could be promoted to improve vaccine acceptance and preventative health behaviors. In this biphasic study an initial survey of 1,498 individuals sampled from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) assessed socio-demographic factors, an 18-item test of COVID-19 knowledge, trust in healthcare stakeholders, and measures of media literacy and consumption. Subsequently, using the Positive Deviance Framework, a diverse subset of 25 individuals with high COVID-19 knowledge scores were interviewed to identify these deviants’ information and media practices that helped avoid COVID-19 misinformation. Access to primary care, higher educational attainment and living in urban communities were positive socio-demographic predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance emphasizing the need to invest in education and rural health. High COVID-19 knowledge and trust in government and health providers were also critical factors and associated with a higher level of trust in science and credible information sources like the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and health experts. Positive deviants practiced media literacy skills that emphasized checking sources for scientific basis as well as hidden bias; cross-checking information across multiple sources and verifying health information with scientific experts. These identified information validation and confirmation practices may be useful in educating the public and designing strategies to better protect communities against harmful health misinformation.
ContributorsSivanandam, Shalini (Author) / Doebbeling, Bradley (Thesis advisor) / Koskan, Alexis (Committee member) / Roschke, Kristy (Committee member) / Chung, Yunro (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
Background: During the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, nurses experienced increased workloads which affected their compassion fatigue (CF). High levels of CF affect quality of care. However, little is known about what factors are associated with CF among nurses during the pandemic. Aim: This study aims to examine the factors associated with CF using the socio-ecological model (SEM).
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional correlational study which targeted nurses who are actively practicing and can speak English, Korean, Japanese, or French. Online websites for the recruitment including the study description and survey link were provided in each country. Survey data were collected from July 1, 2020 to January 25, 2021.
CF, consisting of burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS), was measured using Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL). Factors based on each level of the SEM were measured: intrapersonal factors (demographic factors, resilience), fear of infection, intention to leave their job, care of COVID-19 patients, developing policies, being asked to work at higher acuity levels, received training about COVID-19, and any COVID-19 test results); interpersonal factors (fear of bringing COVID-19 to family); organizational factors (provision of personal protective equipment [PPE] or masks, organizational support to prevent COVID-19, type of organization, and accommodational support); community factors (country of practice and incidence rate); and policy factor (mask policy). These data were analyzed using multiple regression using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors.
Results: Intrapersonal factors (resilience, age, being bedside staff, fear of infection, intention to leave their job, being asked to work at higher acuity levels, and receiving the positive COVID-19 results), organizational factors (provision of PPE, organizational support for COVID-19, and accommodational support), community factors (incidence rate when the mask policy was not in effect, and country of practice), and policy factor (mask policy under a high incidence rate) were the associated factors. The interaction between incidence rate and mask policy was significant.
Conclusion: To prepare for future emerging infectious disease crises, organizational support with proper PPE supplies, continuing education on emerging infectious diseases, and providing interventions to increase resilience are suggested.
ContributorsJo, Soo Jung (Author) / Reifsnider, Elizabeth (Thesis advisor) / Bennett, Jo Anne (Committee member) / Pituch, Keenan (Committee member) / Singh, Komal (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021
Description
Contact tracing was deployed widely during the COVID-19 pandemic to attempt to stop the spread of SARS Co-V-2. This dissertation investigates the research on contact tracing from a scientometric perspective and looks qualitatively at how case investigators and contact tracers conducted public health practice during the pandemic. Through approaching the public health practice of contact tracing from both a broad, top-down angle, and an on the ground experiential approach, this dissertation provides insight into the issues facing contact tracing as a public health tool.
ContributorsWhite, Alexandra C. (Author) / Jehn, Megan (Thesis advisor) / Hruschka, Daniel (Committee member) / Gaughan, Monica (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2022
Description
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Successful vaccination aims to elicit neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) which inhibit viral infection. Traditional NAb quantification methods (neutralization assays) are labor-intensive and expensive, with limited practicality for routine use (e.g. monitoring vaccination response). Thus, a rapid (10-minute) lateral flow assay (LFA) for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs was developed. Using the NAb LFA, an 18-month longitudinal study assessing monthly NAb titers was conducted in a cohort of over 500 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients. Three NAb response groups were identified: vaccine strong responders (VSRs), moderate responders (VMRs), and poor responders (VPRs). VSRs generated high and durable NAb titers. VMRs initially generated high NAb titers but showed more rapid waning with time post-vaccination. Finally, VPRs rarely generated NAb titers ≥1:160, even after 3rd dose. Although strong humoral responses correlate with vaccine effectiveness, viral-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical for long-term protection. Discordant phenotypes of viral-specific CD8+ and CD4+CXCR5+ T follicular helper (cTfh) cells have recently been associated with differential NAb responses. The second portion of this dissertation was to investigate whether/how SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses differ in individuals with impaired NAb titers following mRNA vaccination. Thus, phenotypic and functional characterization of T cell activation across NAb response groups was conducted. It was hypothesized that VPRs would exhibit discordant SARS-CoV-2 T cell activation and altered cTfh phenotypes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from VPRs, VMRs, VSRs, naturally infected, and normal donors. SARS-CoV-2 responsive T cells were characterized using in vitro activation induced marker assays, multicolor flow cytometry, and multiplex cytokine analysis. Further, CXCR5+ cTfh were examined for chemokine receptor expression (CCR6 and CXCR3). Results demonstrated that despite differential NAb responses, activation of SARS-CoV-2 responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was comparable across NAb groups. However, double-positive CD4+CD8+, CD8low, and activated CD4+CXCR5+CCR6-CXCR3+ (Tfh1-like) T cells were expanded in VPRs compared to VMR and VSRs. Interestingly, a unique population of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells was also expanded in VPRs. These novel findings may aid in identification of individuals with impaired or altered immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
ContributorsRoeder, Alexa Jordan (Author) / Lake, Douglas (Thesis advisor) / McFadden, Grant (Committee member) / Borges Florsheim, Esther (Committee member) / Chang, Yung (Committee member) / Rahman, Masmudur (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2023
Description
In the early part of 2020, musicians faced an unprecedented challenge. A novel coronavirus emerged, spreading throughout the world and creating a pandemic. To control the spread of this virus, local governing officials suspended large gatherings in public spaces, which meant that all live music performances were cancelled for the foreseeable future. As a response to these cancellations, many musicians turned to live streaming, sharing transmissions of live performances over the internet. However, as life under COVID-19-related restrictions continued, the internet quickly became oversaturated with live stream music performances. This led musicians to discover innovative ways to adapt their creative practices for virtual settings. Through the process of commissioning, premiering, and recording new works, this research project explores how music practitioners can create music that is designed specifically for the imposed restrictions on the performing arts that accompanied the COVID-19 pandemic. To complete this project, I commissioned new works for clarinet and bass clarinet intended for performance under shelter-in-place conditions. The pieces included in this project are Two Flights for B-Flat Clarinet by Bill Clay (2020), 8 Months by Jessi Harvey (2020), R....v...rs....m oooiiiiii by Gabo Champagne (2021) and Od-ieu by Kim Farris-Manning (2021). I presented these works in two virtual formats: (1) I staged a virtual concert of their premieres from my home studio space, and (2) released studio-quality recordings of them paired with extra-musical video footage. This document offers an account of the virtual concert, a description of the process of the video production component, and performance guides for each commissioned piece. An audio/video recording of the virtual concert is included as a supplemental media file to this document, as are all music videos.
ContributorsLougheed, Julia Lynn (Author) / Spring, Robert (Thesis advisor) / Gardner, Joshua (Thesis advisor) / Knowles, Kristina (Committee member) / Wells, Christi Jay (Committee member) / Caslor, Jason (Committee member) / Arizona State University (Publisher)
Created2021