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173269 https://hdl.handle.net/10776/11699 2017-06-15 eng Abboud, Carolina Arizona State University. School of Life Sciences. Center for Biology and Society. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona Board of Regents open access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ During the twentieth century, Austin Bradford Hill researched diseases and their causes in England and developed the Bradford Hill criteria, which comprise the minimal requirements that must be met for a causal relationship to be established between a factor and a disease. Hill also suggested that researchers should randomize clinical trials to evaluate the effects of a drug or treatment by monitoring large groups of people. In addition, Hill advocated for case-control studies, in which researchers compare a group of people with a medical condition to a group without that condition to investigate the condition's possible causes. Hill's own work with clinical trials and case-control studies helped him prove that smoking caused lung cancer. The Bradford Hill criteria have also been used to establish causal links between factors and cancer, including reproductive cancers such as human papillomavirus that causes cervical cancer. Epidemiology Cervical Cancer Diseases Carcinoma, Squamous Cell 19566 Hill, A. Bradford (Austin Bradford), 1897-1991 Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain). Section of Occupational Medicine Medical Research Council (Great Britain) Royal Statistical Society (Great Britain) Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom Doll, Richard Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991)